tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-71629746972484037792024-03-25T00:43:49.937+00:00English Civil War articles, discussion, resources, maps, timelines and events | englishcivilwar.orgArticles, discussion, resources, maps, timelines, events and courses on the English Civil War and all things Early Modern | englishcivilwar.orgStruanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.comBlogger149125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-7627038070044322312024-01-03T10:24:00.007+00:002024-01-03T10:27:52.259+00:00Stephen Croad Prize 2023<p></p><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: #27292b;"><span style="background-color: white;">Some photos from Historic Buildings and Places’ annual lecture at the Alan Baxter Gallery in Farringdon, where I was delighted to be awarded the <a href="https://hbap.org.uk/congratulations-to-our-2023-stephen-croad-prize/#:~:text=We%20congratulate%20Struan%20Bates%20on,published%20in%20the%202024%20Journal." target="_blank">Stephen Croad Essay Prize</a> for my paper on Balthazar Gerbier and Hamstead Marshall.</span></span></div><span face="Lato, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #27292b; font-size: 16px;"><br /></span><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="500" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhEQijnX_VBCtIxB3zZ2R2xtWkKQ6YA2TX_IqYeD2ulEiV52sSsXRocAG6nTWgs5ay5DjOStRP5-0kjSunfPmpvifbBU0VD2NamtN2z3IAFgCbCsM4xg_QenPGvUbfqr7L4bqOZSOka0CflybxGu6C6lQkCDhDj4-Iv9BRZmdCnrVitWQUqXn6pieUUuh0/w640-h341/video_crop_2_ENH.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face="Lato, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5c6066; font-size: 12px;">Receiving the Stephen Croad Essay Prize from Giles Quarme FRIBA.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><span face="Lato, sans-serif" style="color: #27292b;">After receiving my certificate, I gave a short talk on why the topic is of interest to me and my key findings. The essay will be published in Historic Buildings and Places’ journal next year.<br /><br /></span></div><div><span face="Lato, sans-serif" style="color: #27292b;"><br /></span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="500" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmQRr5izDpcFQDJnQ2VyH8HP8AiQrQ0zY8mrI893LokJG-bj7Lz9EibDlLEnuTTYpLno0AhpyYH8OJ9EF99iHXoioHvJdhe7l9FPKZ3DfkVSACWKYffmCC_f7PQBzsk3lFrSkht_doczl6qxdE4Tphpu5j_McK9SL26w70Kc7MH4eSFeVT4xVm-E-v8kQ/w640-h339/video_crop_3_ENH.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="500" /></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span face="Lato, sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #5c6066; font-size: 12px;">Speaking about my essay on Balthazar Gerbier and Hamstead Marshall.</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhmQRr5izDpcFQDJnQ2VyH8HP8AiQrQ0zY8mrI893LokJG-bj7Lz9EibDlLEnuTTYpLno0AhpyYH8OJ9EF99iHXoioHvJdhe7l9FPKZ3DfkVSACWKYffmCC_f7PQBzsk3lFrSkht_doczl6qxdE4Tphpu5j_McK9SL26w70Kc7MH4eSFeVT4xVm-E-v8kQ/s987/video_crop_3_ENH.png" style="margin-left: null; margin-right: null;"></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">Gerbier is perhaps best know to 17th century historians as a Dutch courtier who helped the Duke of Buckingham develop his art collection, but Gerbier also designed buildings. The drawings for one of these, <a href="https://www.thedicamillo.com/house/hamstead-marshall/" target="_blank">Hamstead Marshall</a>, survive in the Bodleian Library.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">The house was somewhat unusual for its time (construction began in 1662), and my article fills in some gaps about its construction, discusses some possible problems encountered, and suggests what Gerbier was ultimately trying to achieve by building what I call a 'proto-Baroque' house for his patron, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Craven,_1st_Earl_of_Craven_(1608%E2%80%931697)" target="_blank">1st Earl of Craven</a>. </div><p></p></div>Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-38614703694357977522023-07-21T10:48:00.007+01:002023-07-21T10:52:16.323+01:00Guest blog: Princess Elizabeth Stuart (1635-50) (Mary McVicker, writer)
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-Zcuhfu8j0IIROLAjJVzemQUUgZpns36JJYNi0erHmd7XHv9xgwty6DsMKjwPpzfhl9MRWPUeLOg35JKcbqJmCAySNLjIgGxlS9dnlzJ-aXx5-nn6C-EqHMqAjioQPaZ_zk1KxPjnh_3nNNn1ERUdPPyd9vMW2SBAUGPYLNsxpaN7ZIpmOxQCL_Cauh4/s500/pic.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="358" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-Zcuhfu8j0IIROLAjJVzemQUUgZpns36JJYNi0erHmd7XHv9xgwty6DsMKjwPpzfhl9MRWPUeLOg35JKcbqJmCAySNLjIgGxlS9dnlzJ-aXx5-nn6C-EqHMqAjioQPaZ_zk1KxPjnh_3nNNn1ERUdPPyd9vMW2SBAUGPYLNsxpaN7ZIpmOxQCL_Cauh4/s16000/pic.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>The Five Eldest Children of Charles I</i> (1637) by Van Dyck (Princess Elizabeth Stuart second-right).<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div>I knew that a couple of Charles I's children (Henry and Elizabeth) had shared a heart-breaking few minutes with their father prior to his execution, but as both died young, their stories have rather been lost.<br /><br />In this guest article, writer Mary McVicker reflects on the short life of Princess Elizabeth Stuart (1635-50), revealing a dramatic existence governed by the tides of war ...<br /></div><div></div><div><br /><span><a name='more'></a></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p><br />In 1650, a princess was buried in an unmarked grave. Her name was Elizabeth Stuart, and she had died in captivity, aged just fourteen. The story of her short life is a poignant reminder that during the English Civil War, not even the king’s daughter was cushioned from the upheaval of wartime.<br /><br />Elizabeth Stuart was born in 1635, the fourth surviving child of Charles I and his wife, Henrietta Maria. Within days, this baby was the centre of international marriage negotiations - but these fell through, and Elizabeth grew into a sensitive and eloquent child. There is evidence that she, like her father, suffered from rickets - but she excelled when it came to learning and languages, and earned admiration from her tutors.<br /><br />In a portrait painted in 1637 (above), Elizabeth is seated second on the right, holding her baby sister Anne, who would die of tuberculosis as a toddler. Elizabeth is a reflective-looking child, surrounded by the opulence of the royal court - a stable world that would shatter within five years.<br /><br />In 1642, when Elizabeth was six, her mother left for the Continent on family business: shortly afterwards, the English Civil War broke out. Elizabeth and her younger brother, Henry, were taken captive by Parliament’s forces. She would remain in captivity for the rest of her life.<br /><br />Despite Elizabeth’s nervous disposition, she knew how to hold her own. When Parliament discussed shrinking the household of the two captives, she wrote a letter to the House of Commons, asking that the entire household be retained. The request was granted.<br /><br />However, the war turned Elizabeth and Henry into pawns in an endless succession of plots, and everyday life was shrouded by intrigue.<br /><br />Once, their older brother James (then thirteen) was placed in the same palace as his two younger siblings. He took to playing hide-and-seek with them: he varied his hiding places so that some were obvious, but others were so obscure that Elizabeth and Henry were baffled. Then, one day, he went to hide and was never found: he had slipped into a disguise and left the palace.<br /><br />Hide-and-seek had been no more than smoke and mirrors, a ruse intended to give James a head start in his flight, before his absence was deemed suspicious.<br /><br />Another time, when Elizabeth was granted permission to stay with her father at Hampton Court, Charles requested that less guards be posted in the palace hallways. Elizabeth’s sensibilities were so fragile, he appealed, and the footsteps of guards in the corridor were frightening her at night. The request was granted - but the next Elizabeth heard was that her father, taking advantage of the unguarded hallway, had escaped the palace by night. More smoke and mirrors.<br /><br />But the tide was turning, and in Parliament’s favour: escape was futile for the unfortunate Charles.<br /><br />In January 1649, Elizabeth and Henry were informed that the king, had been found guilty and sentenced to death. Both were disorientated by the suddenness of the announcement: Elizabeth was twelve and Henry eight.They were immediately taken to say their goodbyes to Charles.<br /><br />Despite all Charles’ attempts to end the visit on a happy note, Elizabeth was in tears throughout. He gave them gifts of jewellery (and a Bible for Elizabeth), gave Elizabeth a message to pass on to her mother, and reiterated his belief that he was dying a martyr’s death for his principles.<br /><br />Charles tried hard to reassure Elizabeth that she would forget all this, that she would move on … but she refused vehemently to accept that idea.<br /><br />The following day, Charles I was beheaded<br />.<br />After the execution, Elizabeth found herself practically orphaned: her mother, who she hadn’t seen since the age of six, was still abroad. Elizabeth’s wardrobe changed: out went the rich green silks visible in her childhood portraits. For the rest of her life, she would dress in black.<br /><br /><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6OUwxs0h8oInlPuYSuPdhpJfwxQmW23aDXBTg6DB160gsUyiuZvYsyz5POjgClNj_4LUTeAztCJB5JZ4AAw3HNN3TE2QKXgnNqz5MVL6k_lFMnLVNdeqfTGAQfcFNTiylWRe1eX4p3dO7gfW42Fk4PSFLE3H1zoW3blmEaieV_epjhbqJPAPGN6x68Og/s500/Princess_Elizabeth_-_NPG_D28654.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="429" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6OUwxs0h8oInlPuYSuPdhpJfwxQmW23aDXBTg6DB160gsUyiuZvYsyz5POjgClNj_4LUTeAztCJB5JZ4AAw3HNN3TE2QKXgnNqz5MVL6k_lFMnLVNdeqfTGAQfcFNTiylWRe1eX4p3dO7gfW42Fk4PSFLE3H1zoW3blmEaieV_epjhbqJPAPGN6x68Og/w344-h400/Princess_Elizabeth_-_NPG_D28654.jpg" width="344" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Portrait etching of Princess Elizabeth Stuart, mid-seventeenth century (artist unknown)<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div><br />Increasingly, the Parliamentarians grew concerned that Elizabeth would draw dangerous sympathy to the Royalist cause - and in 1650, she was shipped off to the isolated Isle of Wight, along with Henry. It was there, playing bowls on the lawn of Carisbrooke Castle - where Charles had himself been imprisoned - that Elizabeth caught a cold that would prove fatal. She died of pneumonia on 8th September 1650, at the age of fourteen.<br /><br />Days later, the news arrived too late that she had been granted permission to join Henrietta Maria on the Continent. As for Henry, he lived to see the coronation of their brother Charles in 1660, but died shortly afterwards, aged twenty.<br /><br />Two hundred years passed, and the Victorian era marked a resurgence of interest in Elizabeth’s life. It appealed greatly to Victorian sentimentality, and romanticised images of her death abounded - not least a marble memorial, commissioned by Queen Victoria herself. It depicted Elizabeth on her deathbed, with her head on the Bible that Charles had given her.<br /><br />In recent times, Elizabeth’s life has been overshadowed by the eventful reigns of her oldest brothers, Charles II and his successor James II - and many studies on the Civil War focus on its crucial role in forming British society and government as we know it today. However, politics aside, at the centre of the Civil War is the tragedy of countless families splintered by conflict, and the royal family is no exception: Elizabeth Stuart was a young victim of a turbulent age.<br /><br />___________<br /><br /><br />Mary Mcvicker lives in the Scottish Borders and is currently working on a children’s book.<br /></div>Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-49092879361014600002023-05-09T15:54:00.001+01:002023-05-09T15:55:20.359+01:00Colchester Siege Spectacular (19-20 August, Castle Park, Colchester)<center>
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<p>My <a href="https://www.englishcivilwar.org/2012/04/tracing-siege-of-colchester.html" target="_blank">article </a>and <a href="https://www.englishcivilwar.org/2012/05/siege-of-colchester-map.html" target="_blank">interactive map</a> on the Siege of Colchester (1648) still get a lot of traffic - it appears there's still great interest in the siege, so it's great to see that the city's holding a weekend-long event over August Bank Holiday - see video preview above.<br /></p>Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-65049017100957808242022-02-08T09:59:00.003+00:002022-02-08T09:59:41.193+00:00Website changes: englishcivilwar.org<p style="text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyQ2T2GpzZx09exzsHMLHiwXKWnWWdbcZBB6GvYK7ol7dSmYZecMfNGD_GsqKpi59SR_e7r7T6Q7sERslLlaNXb8Cuixhtt2yb70Aja1ZF4yac2s9wigkU23IWoWore8H-Cmzp-jaDljokSJZiueo4z522CiZcP_gkBWnqwSmREsffUz8lhmiCJpPc/s1223/website.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="939" data-original-width="1223" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyQ2T2GpzZx09exzsHMLHiwXKWnWWdbcZBB6GvYK7ol7dSmYZecMfNGD_GsqKpi59SR_e7r7T6Q7sERslLlaNXb8Cuixhtt2yb70Aja1ZF4yac2s9wigkU23IWoWore8H-Cmzp-jaDljokSJZiueo4z522CiZcP_gkBWnqwSmREsffUz8lhmiCJpPc/w468-h360/website.png" width="468" /></a></p><p><br />A quick update on some changes I've had to make to englishcivilwar.org:</p><p>Due to the weight of other commitments, I've been unable to update the Events section as regularly as I'd like, so I've now closed this page - I will however continue to post events on the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/englishcivilwar.org" target="_blank">englishcivilwar.org Facebook page</a>, so if you do have events you want to promote, please send them on and I'll try to post/repost as time allows. For the same reason I've also closed the Forum (again, the quickest way to get answers via a knowledgable community of 17th century buffs is via the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/englishcivilwar.org" target="_blank">Facebook page</a>).</p><p>Thanks to everyone who has contributed ECW/17th century-related events and queries via these two sections over the past decade. <br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p>Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-58644006430200563022021-05-04T12:09:00.003+01:002021-05-04T14:01:50.469+01:00New research on London's English Civil War fortifications: a Q&A with David Flintham (FRGS)<p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--></p><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vJROn31nQ2g/YJEN-awIJ0I/AAAAAAAAD3c/fZ-Us7oQOrMwnPEOcD_AxvAcNf9GIGcLwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1024/1024px-Vertue%2527s_1738_plan_of_the_London_Lines_of_Communication.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="George Virtue's 1738 map of the lines of communication." border="0" data-original-height="628" data-original-width="1024" height="298" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vJROn31nQ2g/YJEN-awIJ0I/AAAAAAAAD3c/fZ-Us7oQOrMwnPEOcD_AxvAcNf9GIGcLwCLcBGAsYHQ/w487-h298/1024px-Vertue%2527s_1738_plan_of_the_London_Lines_of_Communication.jpg" width="487" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">George Vertue’s 1738 plan of London's English Civil War fortifications.</td></tr></tbody></table><p><br />David Flintham (FRGS) is an expert on London's English Civil War fortifications (readers may remember <a href="https://www.englishcivilwar.org/2016/02/guest-blog-siege-types-of-english-civil.html">the guest blog article David wrote for me on siege types</a>). David got in touch recently with news of a major archaeological project that he's been involved in, investigating the fortifications (also known as the 'lines of communication'), the findings of which were published in the Winter 2021 issue of <i><a href="https://www.londonarchaeologist.org.uk/recentback-issues.html" target="_blank">London Archaeologist</a>.</i></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">A paper introducing the project and summarising its initial findings will shortly be available at <a href="https://www.vauban.co.uk/the-ecw-defences-of-london" target="_blank">https://www.vauban.co.uk/the-ecw-defences-of-london</a>. After reviewing the key research findings, I asked David about the significance of the project's discoveries, which challenge assumed knowledge about the location and purpose of London's fortifications ... <br /></p><span><a name='more'></a></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b>Struan: </b>A key part of the new interpretation of the location of the defences rests on your discovery of an annotated 'Great Fire map' (your shorthand name for the source). Is this map likely to appear in the public domain when the full research is published?<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="260" >
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="page number" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="endnote reference" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="endnote text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="table of authorities" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="macro" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="toa heading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Bullet" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Bullet 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Bullet 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Bullet 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Bullet 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Title" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Closing" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Signature" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Default Paragraph Font" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text Indent" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Message Header" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Subtitle" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Salutation" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Date" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text First Indent" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text First Indent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Note Heading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text Indent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text Indent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Block Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Hyperlink" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="FollowedHyperlink" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Strong" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Emphasis" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Document Map" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Plain Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="E-mail Signature" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Normal (Web)" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Acronym" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Address" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Cite" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Code" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Definition" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Keyboard" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Preformatted" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Sample" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Typewriter" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Variable" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Normal Table" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="annotation subject" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="No List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="1 / a / i" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="1 / 1.1 / 1.1.1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Article / Section" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Simple 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Simple 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Simple 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Classic 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Classic 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Classic 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Classic 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Colorful 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Colorful 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Colorful 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 7" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 8" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 7" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 8" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table 3D effects 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table 3D effects 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table 3D effects 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Contemporary" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Elegant" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Professional" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Subtle 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Subtle 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Web 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Web 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Web 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Balloon Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Theme" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Placeholder Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="No Spacing" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Paragraph" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Quote" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Intense Quote" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
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</w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--></p><p style="text-align: left;"><b>David: </b>The 'Great Fire map' will be published subject to the permission of the owners. Likewise, all the other documentation that has been examined and quoted: if you are making bold claims you must produce your supporting evidence.</p><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--></p><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--></p><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b>S: </b>What most surprised you about the results of this pilot study?<br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--></p><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--></p><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--></p><p><b>D: </b>The first thing that stands out was how quickly previous suspicions about the reliability of <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vertue%27s_1738_plan_of_the_London_Lines_of_Communication.jpg" target="_blank">George Vertue’s famous 1738 plan</a> of the fortifications were proved correct. The amount of evidence subsequently uncovered demonstrated that Vertue’s plan is nothing more than a sophisticated hoax. In turn, this introduces an element of doubt to previous studies that have used this plan as a basis (including Historic England’s own HER).</p><p>Being free of the burden of the Vertue hoax enabled the project to undertake a completely fresh analysis of the evidence, including identifying and studying contemporary maps, plans and images to a near-microscopic detail. In addition, contemporary documents can now be viewed for what they are instead of trying to ‘fit them’ to Vertue’s plan. <br /></p><p>We also suspect that the actual physical layout of the Lines of Communication is different to the general perception. Reading William Lithgow, our only eye witness, carefully and judiciously examining the archaeological evidence (for example the Sebastian Street excavation in Islington) it looks as if the Lines were, in many places, trenches with parapets rather than a more traditional rampart fronted by a ditch. This would conform that the primary military purpose of the Lines was to enable men and equipment to move safely from one fort to another, rather than stopping the Royalists from assailing the City.</p><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><p><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WialHwfeoIU/YJEFGTHMBuI/AAAAAAAAD3U/0U1goCELckoWKPn3pbGkwLlA5wcWGkQ9wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1553/2020-07-20%2BMWP%2BPilot%2Bstudy%2Bbasemap.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="The boundary of the pilot study undertaken by Mills Whipp Projects is enclosed within the green line. The previously-thought course of the defences is shown in black, whilst the revised course is shown as a red line. The forts are signified as F-numbers (F1, F2, etc.), and the connecting lines as LoC-numbers (LoC1, LoC2, etc.)." border="0" data-original-height="1553" data-original-width="500" height="763" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WialHwfeoIU/YJEFGTHMBuI/AAAAAAAAD3U/0U1goCELckoWKPn3pbGkwLlA5wcWGkQ9wCLcBGAsYHQ/w453-h763/2020-07-20%2BMWP%2BPilot%2Bstudy%2Bbasemap.jpg" width="453" /></a></p></td></tr><tr style="text-align: left;"><td class="tr-caption"><p><span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Above: </b>The boundary of the pilot study undertaken
by Mills Whipp Projects is enclosed within the green line. The
previously-thought course of the defences is shown in black, whilst the
revised course is shown as a red line. The forts are signified as
F-numbers (F1, F2, etc.), and the connecting lines as LoC-numbers (LoC1,
LoC2, etc.). Image: David Flintham.<br /></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table><p>Perhaps the most surprising discovery was the possible location of a citadel built by Fairfax in 1647 to control the City. We’ll discuss that later. </p><p>So, the Pilot Study has:</p><ol style="text-align: left;"><li>proved Vertue is a fraudster</li><li>changed the locations of the Forts and Lines of Communication</li><li>upended the conventional thinking about the design of the trenches</li><li>identified a hitherto unknown New Model Army citadel. <br /></li></ol><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="260" >
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</w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--></p><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--></p><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--></p><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--></p><p><b>D:</b> This is an answer in two parts.</p><p>The first part concerns the correct positioning of the 1643 fort which, thanks to Vertue’s plan was thought to be positioned by the Whitechapel hospital and became known as Whitechapel Mount. But in actual fact (the official document which ordered the fortifications is quite clear here), the 1643 fort (a “hornworke”) was constructed by the windmill in Whitechapel. The Faithorne and Newcourt map (surveyed in 1643-7) clearly locates the remains of the fort on the site of what was, until recently, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry" target="_blank">Whitechapel Bell Foundry</a>. Further evidence for this location comes from a legal battle between a landlord and a tenant. Added to this, 17th century Whitechapel was much closer to today’s Aldgate than the ’modern’ Whitechapel underground station would suggest.</p><p>It so happens that archaeological investigations are planned on the site in the near future so discoveries may await.</p><p>Whitechapel Mount isn’t, however, a figment of George Vertue’s vivid imagination. There was a (star-shaped) fort in this location (its placement is confirmed through the careful examination of Wenceslas Hollar’s Long View of London (1647). Every indication is that this was one of the New Model Army’s “three citadels to bridle the city” constructed in 1647. It is the eastern flank of this fort that Christopher Wren noted in 1673. <br /></p><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="260" >
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Title" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Closing" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Signature" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Default Paragraph Font" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text Indent" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Message Header" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Subtitle" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Salutation" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Date" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text First Indent" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text First Indent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Note Heading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text Indent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text Indent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Block Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Hyperlink" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="FollowedHyperlink" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Strong" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Emphasis" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Document Map" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Plain Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="E-mail Signature" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Normal (Web)" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Acronym" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Address" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Cite" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Code" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Definition" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Keyboard" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Preformatted" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Sample" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Typewriter" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Variable" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Normal Table" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="annotation subject" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="No List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="1 / a / i" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="1 / 1.1 / 1.1.1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Article / Section" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Simple 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Simple 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Simple 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Classic 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Classic 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Classic 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Classic 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Colorful 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Colorful 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Colorful 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 7" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 8" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 7" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 8" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table 3D effects 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table 3D effects 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table 3D effects 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Contemporary" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Elegant" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Professional" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Subtle 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Subtle 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Web 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Web 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Web 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Balloon Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Theme" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Placeholder Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="No Spacing" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Paragraph" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Quote" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Intense Quote" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
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</w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--></p><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--></p><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--></p><p style="text-align: left;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b>S: </b>As you say, the archaeology throws up many questions, one of which concerns the nature of Straws Fort/Fort Royal (as named by Lithgow) in Islington, possibly an outpost reachable by a covered walkway from the main lines of communication. I've pointed this site, now under the sunken Claremont Square reservoir, out to friends before. Am I likely to have been wrong all along?! What excites you most about the next stretch to be investigated (Hoxton to Bloomsbury)?<br /></p><p><b>D: </b>The geography of the site (it occupies a significant piece of high ground), and Hollar’s 1665 By Islington etchings both suggest that modern day Claremont Square is a likely site for Straws Fort/Fort Royal. In addition, a preliminary look at drawings and views of the area has uncovered pictures of the Fort which confirm its location. It may have started as an outer redoubt in 1642 (we have also identified redoubts in St Pancras, on the Holloway Road and in Stoke Newington) which was upgraded to become a Fort Royal (i.e., large defensive work) in 1643. Parts of the Fort are probably still extant outside the perimeter of the reservoir. However, the existence of a covered way linking this to the main circuit is far less certain (and may just be an invention of Vertue).</p><p>Given the outcome of phase one, the findings of the Hoxton to Bloomsbury phase are likely to be equally dramatic.</p><p>We have already identified documents in the National Archives that bring a new perspective to the defences, whilst Mount Mill Fort, one of the most significant of all the forts (and the subject of a 1643 woodcut), comes within this phase, so it will be intriguing to have this one under the spotlight. We have also found pictures and maps of other ‘lost forts’ in the next stretch so we anticipate the traditional locations of the Forts and Lines will again be challenged.</p><p><b>S: </b>You report that Historic England feels the results of this pilot study are so significant that a precis needs to be in the public domain to assist developers in central London. Is there anything that English Civil War historians/enthusiasts can do to help persuade Historic England to continue supporting the project?<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><b>D: </b>Historic England regards the research primarily as a planning tool, helping inform advice on planning applications. Although Historic England expected some limited public interest in the project, perhaps the Civil War community could indicate to Historic England that there is considerable public interest? Let’s find the rest of the Civil War defences!<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="260" >
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6" ></w:LsdException>
</w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-spacerun: 'yes';"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:DocumentProperties><o:Revision>1</o:Revision><o:Pages>1</o:Pages><o:Lines>1</o:Lines><o:Paragraphs>1</o:Paragraphs></o:DocumentProperties></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><o:OfficeDocumentSettings></o:OfficeDocumentSettings></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:WordDocument><w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel><w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery>0</w:DisplayHorizontalDrawingGridEvery><w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery>2</w:DisplayVerticalDrawingGridEvery><w:DocumentKind>DocumentNotSpecified</w:DocumentKind><w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing>7.8 磅</w:DrawingGridVerticalSpacing><w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning><w:View>Normal</w:View><w:Compatibility><w:AdjustLineHeightInTable/><w:DontGrowAutofit/><w:BalanceSingleByteDoubleByteWidth/><w:DoNotExpandShiftReturn/></w:Compatibility><w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom></w:WordDocument></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml><w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true" DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99" LatentStyleCount="260" >
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Normal" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="heading 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="heading 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="heading 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="heading 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="heading 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="heading 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="heading 7" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="heading 8" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="heading 9" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="index 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="index 2" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="index 9" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="toc 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="toc 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="toc 3" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="toc 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="toc 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="toc 7" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Normal Indent" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="footnote text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="annotation text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="header" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="footer" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="index heading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="caption" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="table of figures" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="envelope address" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="envelope return" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="footnote reference" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="annotation reference" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="line number" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="page number" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="endnote reference" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="endnote text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="table of authorities" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="macro" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="toa heading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Bullet" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List 2" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List 5" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Bullet 3" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number 2" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Number 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Title" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Closing" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Signature" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Default Paragraph Font" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text Indent" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Continue" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Message Header" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Subtitle" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Salutation" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Date" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text First Indent" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text Indent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Body Text Indent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Block Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Hyperlink" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="FollowedHyperlink" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Strong" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Emphasis" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Document Map" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Plain Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="E-mail Signature" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Normal (Web)" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Acronym" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Address" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Cite" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Code" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Definition" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Keyboard" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Preformatted" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Sample" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Typewriter" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Variable" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Normal Table" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="annotation subject" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="No List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="1 / a / i" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="1 / 1.1 / 1.1.1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Article / Section" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Simple 1" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Classic 1" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Colorful 1" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Colorful 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 1" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Columns 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 3" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 6" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid 8" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 1" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 5" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 6" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 7" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table List 8" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table 3D effects 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table 3D effects 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table 3D effects 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Contemporary" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Elegant" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Professional" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Subtle 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Subtle 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Web 1" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Web 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Balloon Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Grid" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Table Theme" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Placeholder Text" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="No Spacing" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="List Paragraph" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Quote" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Intense Quote" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light List Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="toc 1" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Title" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="Note Heading" ></w:LsdException>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="99" SemiHidden="false" Name="HTML Acronym" ></w:LsdException>
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</w:LatentStyles></xml><![endif]--></p><p style="text-align: left;"></p><p style="text-align: left;"><u><a href="https://vauban.co.uk/the-ecw-defences-of-london">https://vauban.co.uk/the-ecw-defences-of-london</a><br /></u><a href="https://www.londonarchaeologist.org.uk/recentback-issues.html" target="_blank"><u>Winter 2021 issue of <i></i></u></a><u><i><a href="https://www.londonarchaeologist.org.uk/recentback-issues.html" target="_blank">London Archaeologist</a></i></u> <br /></p>Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-61895943639122007402021-03-08T12:11:00.003+00:002021-03-08T15:26:46.444+00:00Ely Cathedral bullet scars - can you help?<center><p></p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yehBLyUwJ_w/YEYQb7vHqXI/AAAAAAAAD2E/1rn6OL0m_RsMFLrMr4xNmMuvLphHBOCNwCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Ely%2BLady%2BChapel%2BWest%2BWall%2BExternal.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="500" height="312" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-yehBLyUwJ_w/YEYQb7vHqXI/AAAAAAAAD2E/1rn6OL0m_RsMFLrMr4xNmMuvLphHBOCNwCLcBGAsYHQ/w487-h312/Ely%2BLady%2BChapel%2BWest%2BWall%2BExternal.jpg" width="487" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The west wall of Ely Cathedral. Image: Ely Cathedral Guides' Research Group.<br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
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<br />Can anyone please help?<br /><br /><a href="https://www.elycathedral.org/" target="_blank">Ely Cathedral</a> Guides' Research Group has got in touch about some pockmarks on the external west wall of the cathedral's Lady Chapel, possibly caused by ECW musket fire ...<br /><br /><span><a name='more'></a></span>A member of the group writes:<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;"><br />'The marks (see pics) don’t look like natural deterioration, but rather the consequence of projectiles and impact. They’re positioned within the arcading so it looks like they could be the result of target practice. Also the holes, at eye level, are of a standard size and shape suggesting they could come from musket fire. There is nothing in the literature on the Cathedral so, at the moment, these theories are based on observation.<br /><br />'We do know that on 10th January, 1644, Cromwell's soldiers ransacked the vestry and cloisters, and, discovering the organ pipes, marched through the street with them making a loud noise and the next day they returned and smashed the windows - however there is nothing about firing muskets.<br /><br />'The nineteenth century Clerk of the Works, John Bacon, referred to bullets being found in the West Doors. He wrote "<i>The large original doors were taken down, overhauled, lead bullets taken out"</i> - so it’s possible that more than one area of the Cathedral came under fire.'<br /><br />I've searched myself and made a few enquiries and can't shed any light on the pockmarks.<br /><br />Does anyone know the origin of these marks at Ely, and whether they are in fact attributable to ECW action (see pics below)?<br /><br /><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aBhORE0QImQ/YEYQdACwFPI/AAAAAAAAD2I/Q3np_h4LR9E97Fiw8Tg8i1BymNZL7ZAKgCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Ely%2BLady%2BChapel%2BBlocked%2BDoor.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1536" height="525" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-aBhORE0QImQ/YEYQdACwFPI/AAAAAAAAD2I/Q3np_h4LR9E97Fiw8Tg8i1BymNZL7ZAKgCLcBGAsYHQ/w394-h525/Ely%2BLady%2BChapel%2BBlocked%2BDoor.jpg" width="394" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U6v-CPS36s0/YEYQS0Fr2mI/AAAAAAAAD2A/-NXoexzPYQYcD5E3hxjI_ix92bc0rO3YwCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Ely%2BPossible%2BBullet%2BHoles%2B3.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="2048" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-U6v-CPS36s0/YEYQS0Fr2mI/AAAAAAAAD2A/-NXoexzPYQYcD5E3hxjI_ix92bc0rO3YwCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h400/Ely%2BPossible%2BBullet%2BHoles%2B3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Jn2zA3oad7Y/YEYP8p4Pm6I/AAAAAAAAD14/mfmkp2z2DyYo40KJn3BCSfRAF8t18y2ZgCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Ely%2BPossible%2BBullet%2BHoles%2B2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="2048" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Jn2zA3oad7Y/YEYP8p4Pm6I/AAAAAAAAD14/mfmkp2z2DyYo40KJn3BCSfRAF8t18y2ZgCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h400/Ely%2BPossible%2BBullet%2BHoles%2B2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PwRELM4upUE/YEYPSpvFJBI/AAAAAAAAD1w/loBhmSpydPcnYdODJOpa4S03cHRBLhf7wCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Ely%2BPossible%2BBullet%2BHoles%2B1.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="2048" height="400" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PwRELM4upUE/YEYPSpvFJBI/AAAAAAAAD1w/loBhmSpydPcnYdODJOpa4S03cHRBLhf7wCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h400/Ely%2BPossible%2BBullet%2BHoles%2B1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><br />Related links:<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><a href="https://www.englishcivilwar.org/2012/11/guest-post-new-techniques-for.html">Guest blog: New techniques for understanding 17th century siege warfare (Amanda Wynne)<br /></a><a href="https://www.englishcivilwar.org/2012/01/churches-still-bearing-battle-scars.html">Churches still bearing battle scars</a><p></p>Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-38188823664586497812021-01-13T14:06:00.574+00:002021-01-20T20:54:08.181+00:00Where was Prince Rupert's House?<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BqZwxo6c3hQ/VhT0Y4NroeI/AAAAAAAADjg/qL4riDLB-Dw/s1600/rupert_4.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BqZwxo6c3hQ/VhT0Y4NroeI/AAAAAAAADjg/qL4riDLB-Dw/w637-h440/rupert_4.png" width="500" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 11px; text-align: left;">A watercolour of Prince Rupert's Palace in Beech Street, Barbican, from the garden (1796). © The Trustees of the British Museum (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)<br /><br /></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div>I knew that after fleeing into exile in 1644 Prince Rupert had a naval career before returning to England after the Restoration, but was surprised to find that one of his private houses survived into the 19th century.<br /><br />Or did it? This was meant to be a post about the building's location and architecture, until I started digging a little deeper ... <br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />Biographies record that Rupert lived in Westminster and Windsor Castle after he returned to England in September 1660, though online sources (mostly from 18th and 19th century texts) mention him living in Beech Lane/Street (the name seems to fluctuate on maps from this time) near the Barbican. A number of surviving images, mainly from the 18th and 19th centuries, purport to show a three-storey, bay-windowed property, such as the watercolour above, variously titled 'Prince Rupert's Palace' or 'Prince Rupert's House. This set me off comparing maps to find exactly where the house had stood (the <a href="https://www.layersoflondon.org/" target="_blank">Layers of London<i> </i></a>site is an excellent tool for this).<br /><br />Having some idea of the rough location, I stopped to consider a wider set of written sources, looking more carefully through my Rupert biographies. This stopped me in my tracks. Neither Maurice Ashley, Frank Kitson or Charles Spencer mentions Beech Lane/Street, and none of their descriptions of Rupert's arrival in London indicates where the prince initially resided.<div><br /></div><div>I was leaning towards thinking that 'Prince Rupert's Palace' (or Prince Rupert's House) was actually a Victorian misattribution, when I found this reference from a 1910 book on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzotint" target="_blank">mezzotints</a>:<br /><br /></div><blockquote><i>It was at Drury House, his ivy-grown gabled Elizabethan mansion, in quiet Beech Lane in the Barbican, off Aldersgate Street, that Prince Rupert received John Evelyn on March 13. </i><br /><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i></i></div></div></blockquote><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><div style="text-align: left;"><i>Old English Mezzotints</i>, Malcolm C. Salaman (1910)</div></div></blockquote><p> </p><div><div>It's well-known that Rupert dabbled in mezzotint printmaking, but more useful is the reference to Evelyn's diary; all would be confirmed if it linked Rupert directly to Beech Lane. As the complete diary text is freely available online, I searched for Rupert's name. It appears five times, twice in 1661 with reference to him teaching Evelyn mezzotint (the other later entries are irrelevant), on 21st February and 13th March (as mentioned in the Salaman extract, above): </div><div></div><blockquote><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20px;"><b>21st February, 1661:<br /></b>Prince Rupert first showed me how to grave in </span><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 20px;">mezzo tinto</span><span style="font-style: italic; text-align: justify; text-indent: 20px;">.</span></div><div><i style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.25em;"><b><br /></b></i></div><div><i style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.25em;"><b>13th March, 1661 (Evelyn visits Lambeth in the morning, which I have omitted here):<br /></b></i><i style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.25em;">This afternoon, Prince Rupert showed me, with his own hands, the new way of graving, called mezzo tinto, which afterward, by his permission, I published in my </i><span style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.25em;">History of Chalcography</span><i style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.25em;">; this set so many artists on work, that they soon arrived to the perfection it is since come to, emulating the tenderest miniatures.<br /></i><i style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.25em;"><br />Our Society now gave in my relation of the Peak of Teneriffe, in the Great Canaries, to be added to more queries concerning divers natural things reported of that island.<br /></i><i style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.25em;"><br />I returned home with my Cousin, Tuke, now going for France, as sent by his Majesty to condole the death of that great Minister and politician, Count Mazarine.</i></div></blockquote><div><i style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.25em;"></i></div><div><div><br /></div>But no mention of Beech Lane. However another later source which also mentions Evelyn's visits to Rupert suggested another primary source (highlighted):<br /><br /><blockquote style="font-style: italic;">Beech Lane, Barbican, where Prince Rupert resided, and worked on his chemical experiments and his mezzotint plates, was probably so called, says Stow, from Nicholas de la Beech, Lieutenant of the Tower, who was deprived of his office by Edward III. Stow, whose clue we ever follow, describes the lane, in Elizabeth's time, as stretching from Redcross Street to Whitecross Street, and adorned with " beautiful houses of stone, brick, and timber." An old house in Barbican belonging to the Abbot of Ramsay was afterwards called Drury House, from the worshipful owner, Sir Drew Drury, also of Drury Lane. This was the house Prince Rupert afterwards occupied; and parts of the mansion were in existence as late as 1796. Here lived the fiery prince, whom Time had softened into a rough old philosopher, fond of old soldiers, and somewhat of a butt at Whitehall among the scoffing Rochesters of his day, who were all à la mode de France. Here Evelyn visited Rupert. <span style="color: #ffa400;"><b>In the parish books of St. Giles's, Cripplegate, a guinea is set down as payment to the ringers on the occasion of Charles II. visiting the prince at his Barbican house.</b></span> In Strype's time the street had lost its gentility, and was inhabited by clothes-salesmen, and on the site of the old watch-tower fronting Redcross Street, stood an ignoble watchhouse for the brawling Mohocks of the day.</blockquote><blockquote><i>Old and New London: Volume 2. </i>Originally re-published by Cassell, Petter & Galpin, London (1878).</blockquote><p> </p><p></p></div><div><p style="text-align: left;"></p><div style="text-align: left;">This source is interesting for a couple of reasons. Firstly, it names the St Giles, Cripplegate, parish books as documenting a visit by Charles II to Rupert in Beech Lane. Conversely, it feeds my suspicions by suggesting that at the time Rupert was meant to have lived there, the street was part of an area that had declined in status since Tudor times ('Strype' is a reference to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Strype" target="_blank">John Strype</a>, the historian who published a detailed survey of London in 1720, so a good few decades later than the supposed royal visit). When Rupert returned to England in 1661 he was a divisive figure - surely he would been accommodated in crown property for his own safety, rather than in a declining street inhabited by traders?</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Following-up the reference to the Charles II visit (and unable to access parish records from St Giles, Cripplegate, online) I found more useful references, though this time from the early 20th century. These extracts from John Badderley's <i>History of Cripplegate</i> (1910) give the building a more specific location, but again cast doubt on the veracity of whether Rupert actually lived in Beech Lane. This first extract provides extra details on the house's location:</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><div><blockquote><i>On the south side of Beech Lane is the shadow of the residence of Prince Rupert, so memorable for his transactions in the reign of Charles I. About 1830 a handsome building (which stood until 1865, when a larger building was erected) was built by a Mr. William Bassingham, who had resided and carried on his business of a gas engineer here for several years before that time, being rated for his old house in 1820 at 12. This stood at the south-east corner of the south side of the lane (with a frontage in Whitecross Street), on the site of, or in close vicinity to, the spot where Prince Rupert's house mentioned above was probably situated. Glovers' Hall Court stands nearly 100 yards further westward, and in 1840 contained houses of a very poor character; a tenement, shed and stables were valued as little as 12. In 1850 the assessment on seven houses in the lane was 121, in which amount the above house (assessed at 60) was included. These old houses were soon after demolished, and three warehouses now standing on the south side erected, which run back to and are also lighted in Glovers' Hall Court. (p.208)</i></blockquote><p> </p><p>While the second extract repeats the claim that Charles II visited Rupert at the same address and again mentions the St Giles records: <br /><br /></p><p></p><blockquote><i>The house of which an illustration is given (below) stood in Beech Lane, a street running between almost the northern end of Whitecross Street and Barbican. Particulars of Prince Rupert's life in this house are given in the chapter devoted to " Men of Note." It was here that his cousin Charles II often visited him, and took part in his scientific experiments. An entry in the parish books of St. Giles records the payment of a guinea to the ringers of the church bells on the occasion of a visit of the King to Prince Rupert. </i><i> (p.208)</i></blockquote><p></p></div><div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eSiTP-aq1vY/YAbnOeK6CLI/AAAAAAAAD04/4yu_y6Yi4Gw5PHeXomBBDOFBngV6Dq9ggCLcBGAsYHQ/s735/Badderley.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="500" height="349" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-eSiTP-aq1vY/YAbnOeK6CLI/AAAAAAAAD04/4yu_y6Yi4Gw5PHeXomBBDOFBngV6Dq9ggCLcBGAsYHQ/w471-h349/Badderley.png" width="471" /></a></div><br /><div><br />In the same book the 'Men of Note' chapter as referenced above repeats some of what we already know, but crucially differs from other sources in suggesting that Rupert was living at Beech Street not on arriving in England, but towards the end of his life (he lived another 22 years, dying in 1682):<br /><br /></div><div><div><i></i></div><blockquote><div><i>In the house at the corner of Whitecross Street and </i><i>Beech Lane, inhabited in the early part of the seventeenth century by Sir Dru Drurie, </i><i>lived this brilliant Cavalier. As is well known he took a great part in the Civil War, and </i><i>after the Restoration occupied many important public positions, the last being First Lord </i><i>of the Admiralty in 1679. <span style="color: #ffa400;"><b>Little is known of the last years of his life; probably much of </b></span></i><span style="color: #ffa400;"><b><i>his time was taken up in the various scientific experiments he conducted in the above house. </i></b></span><i>His cousin, King Charles II, shared his tastes and visited him at his laboratory, where </i><i>he devoted much attention to improvements in war material, inventing a method of making </i><i>gunpowder of ten times the ordinary strength, a mode of manufacturing hail-shot, a gun </i><i>somewhat on the principle of the revolver, and a new method of boring cannon. He is said </i><i>to have invented "Princes-metal," a mixture of copper and zinc. He studied the art of </i><i>engraving and engraved with his own hands.</i> (p.293)</div></blockquote><div></div><div><br />There's lots to go on here, with a previous owner and Rupert's involvement with what would become the Royal Society suggesting that more useful evidence might be found in archive sources. However there's another revealing passage about Beech Lane which, while referencing the supposed home of another 17th century figure, reflects my own suspicions about 'Prince Rupert's House' at this stage (of what admittedly has been a limited search). Badderley also goes on to say:<br /><br /></div></div></div><div><i><blockquote>Upon an old water spout, there is the date 1653, which in all probability is that of its erection. It stood within a few yards of the site of the old mansion called Whittington's College in Sweedon's Passage, Grub Street.<b><span style="color: #ffa400;"> It has been stated that General Monk lived here, when planning the Restoration, but there is no proof of this. </span></b>It may be that he occasionally occupied the house during that eventful time; at any rate, it was known as General Monk's House for many years before its demolition.</blockquote><p> </p></i></div><div>This post was meant to pinpoint the exact location of the Beech Lane house and describe its architecture though surviving images, but the research above now has me doubting whether the building was occupied by Prince Rupert at all. Should I find better evidence to that effect I'll write a 'part two' looking at the building and its location in more detail.</div></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">To be continued!</div></div></div>Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-25941103764291007252020-12-11T09:57:00.000+00:002021-01-18T13:41:43.158+00:00Scenes and Traces of the English Civil War by Stephen Bann (2020)<center><p> <a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S_fpGN4fk8A/Tt95phPJ66I/AAAAAAAAAWY/q3shZNEMVO0H4XSQ-pwi15wXLOW__lH_wCPcBGAYYCw/s2048/IMAG_0126.jpg" style="margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-S_fpGN4fk8A/Tt95phPJ66I/AAAAAAAAAWY/q3shZNEMVO0H4XSQ-pwi15wXLOW__lH_wCPcBGAYYCw/w400-h300/IMAG_0126.jpg" width="500" /></a></p></center><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><a href="https://www.economist.com/prospero/2020/11/10/britain-has-its-own-vexed-history-of-civil-war-monuments" target="_blank">The Economist reviewed</a> <i>Scenes and Traces of the English Civil War</i> by art historian Stephen Bann this week. The first paragraphs mention Hubert Le Sueur's equestrian statue of Charles I in Trafalgar Square, of which <a href="https://www.englishcivilwar.org/2011/12/charles-i-statue.html">my article from 2011</a> remains the most visited on this site.<div><br /></div><div>Bann's book is billed as '... the first attempt to portray the visual legacy of (the ECW) period, as passed down, revisited and periodically reworked over two and a half centuries of subsequent English history.' Definitely one for the reading list. You can read more about it on the Reaktion Books website <a href="http://www.reaktionbooks.co.uk/display.asp?ISB=9781789142280" target="_blank">here</a>.<p></p></div>Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-52643545859563973072020-07-14T14:46:00.012+01:002020-07-15T16:03:51.427+01:00Churches built during the Commonwealth (1649-1660)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lpFvpUUUeLA/UknaYla8QPI/AAAAAAAAC-4/hP8zBJRo5lc/s1600/866383_829148d9.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lpFvpUUUeLA/UknaYla8QPI/AAAAAAAAC-4/hP8zBJRo5lc/s640/866383_829148d9.jpg" width="500" /></a></div>
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qg-DCR7AlV8/UknZAvuJKpI/AAAAAAAAC-o/6n5jZn0SzhI/s1600/1177632_32aeb3c2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qg-DCR7AlV8/UknZAvuJKpI/AAAAAAAAC-o/6n5jZn0SzhI/s640/1177632_32aeb3c2.jpg" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/staunton-harold-church/" target="_blank">Staunton Harold church</a>, Leicestershire (1653). Photo: <a href="http://www.geograph.org.uk/profile/120" target="_blank">David Stowell</a> (CC BY-SA 2.0) </td></tr>
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Various numbers are quoted for how many churches were built during the Commonwealth (1649-1660), usually ranging from four to seven. A web search suggests no consensus, with the lack of clarity seeming to hinge on whether the churches were entirely new constructions, re-modellings of older ones, or whether you include Scotland or not.<br />
<br />
Here's a rundown of all the contenders, with a stab at some conclusions ...<br />
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<a name='more'></a><b>Holy Trinity and St Mary, Berwick-on-Tweed (1652)</b><div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GLphmI9NXaU/UknkKvpl8kI/AAAAAAAAC_E/HKKl9-elsbY/s1600/1503274_59cd93fe.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GLphmI9NXaU/UknkKvpl8kI/AAAAAAAAC_E/HKKl9-elsbY/s640/1503274_59cd93fe.jpg" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Holy Trinity Church, Berwick-on-Tweed (1652). Photo: © Copyright <a href="http://www.geograph.org.uk/profile/760" target="_blank">Mark Anderson</a> (CC BY-SA 2.0) </td></tr>
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<br />Charles I originally gave money for the building of <a href="http://www.berwickparishchurch.btck.co.uk/" target="_blank">Holy Trinity and St Mary in Berwick-on-Tweed</a> in 1641. Though the civil war intervened, funds were collected throughout the 1640s with John Young of Blackfriars finally being contracted to start work in 1650.<br /><br />The building was modelled on St Katherine Cree in Aldgate (the only surviving Jacobean church in London), completed in 1652 and consecrated ten years later. The church's website notes its features as:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>With our mix of Gothic and Renaissance features, fine stained glass windows including 17thC Flemish Roundels sequestrated by Charles I from The Duke of Buckingham, unique Reredos by Sir Edwin Lutyens, original Communion Table used at our consecration in 1662, magnificent Rose Window, churchyard full of fascinating headstones including Viking and Plague Graves, there is much to interest.</i></blockquote>
A previous church had existed on the same site slightly to the south but was demolished shortly after the 17th century one was built.<br />
<br />
<font color="#f57c00"><b>Verdict: new building on ancient site</b></font><br />
<br />
<b>Staunton Harold, Leicestershire (1653)</b><br />
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<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lpFvpUUUeLA/UknaYla8QPI/AAAAAAAAC-4/hP8zBJRo5lc/s1600/866383_829148d9.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lpFvpUUUeLA/UknaYla8QPI/AAAAAAAAC-4/hP8zBJRo5lc/s640/866383_829148d9.jpg" width="500" /></a></div>
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qg-DCR7AlV8/UknZAvuJKpI/AAAAAAAAC-o/6n5jZn0SzhI/s1600/1177632_32aeb3c2.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qg-DCR7AlV8/UknZAvuJKpI/AAAAAAAAC-o/6n5jZn0SzhI/s640/1177632_32aeb3c2.jpg" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/staunton-harold-church/" target="_blank">Staunton Harold church</a>, Leicestershire (1653). Photo: <a href="http://www.geograph.org.uk/profile/120" target="_blank">David Stowell</a> (CC BY-SA 2.0) </td></tr>
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<br />I visited <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staunton_Harold_Hall" target="_blank">Staunton Harold Hall</a> many times as a child, and often dropped into the church (now owned by the National Trust) with my parents. It was built in 1653 in the gothic revival style by Sir Robert Shirley, a Laudian whose opposition to Cromwellian puritanism drove his architectural act of rebellion. Incensed, Cromwell demanded that Shirley pay for a new ship for the navy, only for Shirley to refuse and later be imprisoned in the Tower.<br /><br />Shirley died aged only 27, with the church finally being completed by others, including Shirley's wife, in 1665. An inscription above the west tower reads:<br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><i></i></div><blockquote><div style="text-align: left;"><i>In the year 1653 when all things Sacred were throughout ye nation, Either demolisht or profaned, Sir Robert Shirley, Baronet, Founded this church; Whose singular praise it is, to have done the best things in ye worst times, and hoped them in the most callamitous. The righteous shall be had in everlasting remembrance.</i></div><div></div></blockquote><div><b style="color: #f57c00;">Verdict: new church</b></div><div><br /></div><div><b>St Matthias Old Church, Poplar (1654) </b>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lpFvpUUUeLA/UknaYla8QPI/AAAAAAAAC-4/hP8zBJRo5lc/s1600/866383_829148d9.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lpFvpUUUeLA/UknaYla8QPI/AAAAAAAAC-4/hP8zBJRo5lc/s640/866383_829148d9.jpg" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">St Matthias Old Church, Poplar (1654). Photo: © Copyright <a href="http://www.geograph.org.uk/profile/6699" target="_blank">ceridwen</a> (CC BY-SA 2.0) </td></tr>
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Built by Mast of the Bricklayers' Company John Tanner, St Matthias Old Church is bordered by Popular Recreation Ground, a fine Georgian terrace and the Lansbury Heritage Hotel. Both the church and the Lansbury building have connections with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company" target="_blank">East India Company</a> founded in 1600 to focus on trade with the far east, before later coming inextricably linked with the expansion of the British Empire: St Matthias was built on the request of EIC shipyard workers who lived in Poplar and Blackwall. Various bequests were given, with the work completed in 1654. <br /><br />The church combines classical and gothic elements, with a barrel-vaulted roof supported by timber <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuscan_order" target="_blank">Tuscan columns</a>. Rumour had it that the columns were made from ships' masts, which some have suggested gives it a Dutch feel remeniscient of similar churches built in early-seventeenth century Amsterdam, however no evidence has come to light to support this.<br /><br />Significantly modified in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, St Matthias survived Second World War bombing before being merged with <a href="https://stanneslimehouse.org/" target="_blank">St Anne's, Limehouse</a>. After the new congregation moved to St Annes, St Matthias was declared redundant in 1977 and deconsecrated. It is <a href="https://www.towerhamlets.gov.uk/lgnl/community_and_living/halls_for_hire/St_Matthias_Community_Centre.aspx" target="_blank">now an arts and community centre</a>, governed by a Trust.</div><div><br /><b style="color: #f57c00;">Verdict: new church</b><br />
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St Barnabas, Brampton Bryan (1656)</b></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oGbLG32wyh8/XwhWpdULpEI/AAAAAAAADyQ/dNqgRdbyRDop058Kn-dnkwUFdpSqCJOvACLcBGAsYHQ/s500/brampton.png" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="St Barnabas Church, Brampton Bryan" border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="500" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oGbLG32wyh8/XwhWpdULpEI/AAAAAAAADyQ/dNqgRdbyRDop058Kn-dnkwUFdpSqCJOvACLcBGAsYHQ/d/brampton.png" title="St Barnabas Church, Brampton Bryan" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">St Barnabas, Brampton Bryan</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div><br />St Barnabus was completed in 1656 to replace the old Norman church destroyed during the 1643 siege of the castle, fifty metres north. The siege is well-documented, its primary sources often quoted in studies of the period as the six-week defence of the castle was commanded by a woman, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brilliana,_Lady_Harley" target="_blank">Brilliana Harley</a>. Historic England, citing a 1981 journal article, has it that Harley held the fortress:</div><div><span style="background-color: white;"><font face="inherit"><blockquote><i>... despite bombardments from a cannon on the church tower, and a poisoned water supply (which killed the cook).</i></blockquote></font></span></div><div>Brilliana died soon after and a second siege the following year resulted in the new governor surrendering the castle.<br /><br />The church appears to have been allowed to be rebuilt due to the standing of Brilliana's husband, Sir Robert Harley, a staunch puritan and a long-standing political colleague of Cromwell. A distinguishing features is its <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof" target="_blank">hammer beam roof</a>, possibly salvaged from the ruins of the castle. The church was altered in the nineteenth century, though a number of 17th century additions, such as the north vestry doorway, survive.</div><div><br /></div><div><b style="color: #f57c00;">Verdict: new building on ancient site</b><br /><br /><b>Ninekirks (St Ninian's), Brougham (1659-1660?)</b><br /><br /><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NBb-osAtx04/XwhnijEFRaI/AAAAAAAADyc/3tRjTqqFjvMQbhK1JoHH2ZurfX47isenwCLcBGAsYHQ/s500/St_Ninian%2527s_-_geograph.org.uk_-_9511.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="500" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-NBb-osAtx04/XwhnijEFRaI/AAAAAAAADyc/3tRjTqqFjvMQbhK1JoHH2ZurfX47isenwCLcBGAsYHQ/d/St_Ninian%2527s_-_geograph.org.uk_-_9511.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://greatenglishchurches.co.uk/html/ninekirks.html" target="_blank">Ninekirk's, Brougham</a> (1659). Photo: Ken Brown (CC BY-SA 2.0) <br /><br /></td></tr></tbody></table><div>Sources disagree on when St Ninian's (known locally as 'Ninekirks') was built, with a completion data of 1658-1660 suggested, though its planning certainly fell before 1660, so we'll give it the benefit of doubt.<br /><br />The site is remote: Ninekirks is located beside a bend in the River Eamont, in a field near the village of Brougham, Cumbria. A Norman church existed on what was thought originally to be a Roman settlement, with the building standing now a remarkably preserved 17th century re-building by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Anne_Clifford" target="_blank">Lady Anne Clifford</a>. <br /><br />Ninekirks' interior is white-washed, with a flag-stoned floor and original pew boxes (including family pews). Lady Anne's restoration work is recorded in plasterwork above the altar. Repair work in the 19th century added a porch, though what remains is largely unaltered since 1660.<br /><br /><b style="color: #f57c00;">Verdict: new building</b><b style="color: #f57c00;"> on ancient site</b><br /><div><b><br /></b></div><div><b>Charles Church, Plymouth (1658 - Historic England date)</b></div><div><br /></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5Ec2qI9RJfY/Xw2kmZ2brbI/AAAAAAAADy0/VytkfSdOLAEsQmE6EjuXKi3k2jZR5e0rgCLcBGAsYHQ/s500/800px-Charles_Church%252C_Plymouth.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img alt="Charles Church, Plymouth" border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="500" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-5Ec2qI9RJfY/Xw2kmZ2brbI/AAAAAAAADy0/VytkfSdOLAEsQmE6EjuXKi3k2jZR5e0rgCLcBGAsYHQ/d/800px-Charles_Church%252C_Plymouth.jpg" title="Charles Church, Plymouth" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The ruins of Charles Church, Plymouth (now a war memorial). Photo: Partonez (CC BY-SA 4.0)</td></tr></tbody></table><div><br /></div><div>A tricky one, due to its long and rather tortuous birth. Charles Church, as the name alludes, was named by Charles I as a stipulation of its building. Plymouth was a puritan town, and the request to split the parish of St Andrew into two in 1634 led to protracted negotiations with King. This would would drag on to 1641, when royal assent was finally given for the construction of the new church. The Civil War interrupted building, though sources indicate that Charles Church was used for some baptisms, weddings and burials in the 1640s. <a href="https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1130021" target="_blank">Historic England has 1658 as a completion</a> date for the building, with the church's consecration finally coming in 1665.<br /><br />Charles Church continued as a place of worship until March 1941, when it was destroyed during an air raid. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Church,_Plymouth" target="_blank">Its Wikipedia page</a> has a good listing of alterations made from the 18th to 20th centuries. What 17th century features survived until the Second World War, and may even be visible now in its ruined state, requires further investigation.</div><div><br /></div><b style="color: #f57c00;">Verdict: not built during the Commonwealth (due to a large part of the church having been built/in use before it and consecration coming after it) </b><br /><br /><b>St. Michael and All Angels, Great Houghton (1650)</b></div><div><b><br /></b></div><div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oWFzOpYscj0/XwhujuMsTgI/AAAAAAAADyo/bZqcl3cOsqEN39gbwFF_uWWpWJkotzHiQCLcBGAsYHQ/s500/The_Church_of_St_Michael_and_All_Angels_%2528geograph_4486359%2529.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="500" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oWFzOpYscj0/XwhujuMsTgI/AAAAAAAADyo/bZqcl3cOsqEN39gbwFF_uWWpWJkotzHiQCLcBGAsYHQ/d/The_Church_of_St_Michael_and_All_Angels_%2528geograph_4486359%2529.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Michael_and_All_Angels_Church,_Great_Houghton" target="_blank">St. Michael and All Angels, Great Houghton</a>. Photo: Neil Theasby (CC BY-SA 2.0) </td></tr></tbody></table><b><br /></b></div><div>St Michael and All Angels in Great Houghton (near Barnsley), was built in 1650 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Rodes" target="_blank">Sir Edward Rodes</a>, High Sheriff of Yorkshire and a Colonel of Horse under Cromwell as a private chapel for family and tenants. Cromwell is said to have visited and been pleased at its simple interior, and the chapel became a haven for non-conformist preachers in the later 17th century.<br /><br />The chapel was only ‘episcopally licensed' in 1849, with its dedication to St Michael and All Angels only coming in 1960. <a href="http://www.darfieldallsaintschurch.org.uk/st-michael-and-all-angels" target="_blank">The church's webpage</a> has some before-and-after photos showing the results of renovation work in 2013.</div><div>
<b><br /></b><b style="color: #f57c00;">Verdict: though originally a private chapel and not designed to serve a parish, St Michael's was newly built for worship during the Commonwealth, so classing it as a new church.<br /></b><b><br />In summary</b></div><div><br /></div><div>How many churches were built during the Commonwealth? Half of the buildings listed above were completely new places of worship, and half were built to replace older, Norman, structures: to what extent their 17th century incarnations are built these earlier foundations, and incorporate more ancient features, requires more detailed enquiry. So to summarise:</div><div><br /></div><div><font color="#f57c00"><b>New churches:</b> </font><b>3</b> (Staunton Harold; <span style="text-align: center;">St Matthias Old Church; St Michael's, Great Houghton)</span></div><div><b><font color="#f57c00">New/rebuilt building on previous church site:</font> 3</b> (Holy Trinity, Berwick; St Barnabas, Brampton Bryan; Ninekirks, Bougham<br /><b><font color="#f57c00">Work largely completed outside of Commonwealth period: </font>1</b> (Charles Church, Plymouth)</div><div><br /></div><div>This brief summary of each church focuses on construction dates; others interesting angles to explore might be the motivations and allegiances of the people/patrons who built them (including the role of women), or what legal/ecclesiastical mechanisms allowed them to be built when they were.<br /><br /></div><div>What have I missed? If there's another church that appears to have been built during the Commonwealth, please get on touch at struan(at)englishcivilwar(dot)org<br /></div>
Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-89087334918420558972019-07-31T15:25:00.003+01:002020-06-10T11:16:15.670+01:00Guest blog: Marston Moor - the 375th Anniversary (Mark Turnbull, author)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Preparing for the service of remembrance for the fallen at Marston Moor on the 375th anniversary.</td></tr>
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The 2nd of July 2019 marked the 375th anniversary of the <a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/search/label/Marston%20Moor">Battle of Marston Moor</a>. In this guest article, author Mark Turnbull tells the story of the battle and more about his novel <i>Allegiance of Blood</i>, due out later this year ...<br /><br />
<a name='more'></a>"On a moor just outside of York an overlooked battle took place three hundred and seventy-five years ago. It is the second largest on English soil. The 2nd July 1644 was a watershed moment in the English Civil War: a conflict that saw brothers fighting brothers, fathers fighting sons and friends putting aside friendships as the nation divided in support of King or Parliament.<br />
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Six months prior, a Scottish army crossed the border in support of the English Parliament and this game-changing event forced King Charles’s troops into a continued retreat from Newcastle to York. The city was surrounded by the Parliamentarian and Scottish allies and gradually choked for nine weeks in an attempt to kill off the King’s support in the north.<br />
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Enter the King’s nephew, Prince Rupert of the Rhine. A furiously energetic, loyal and brave commander with a reputation for ruthless cavalry charges and a renowned pet poodle. The King wrote that he ‘would esteem his crown little less’ if York was lost and the undefeated twenty-four-year-old was charged with saving it. Leaving Shrewsbury armed with the King’s letter, Rupert would keep it on his person until his dying day.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Members of The Sealed Knot standing near 'Cromwell's Plump' - some trees on the slopes where Parliament and the Scots had drawn up, looking down towards the Royalist positions.</td></tr>
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Arriving within fourteen miles of York, Rupert’s presence was keenly felt, and the allies withdrew from the city and formed up on Marston Moor to block his advance. Rupert led 15,000 men, while the allies totalled 24,000. The unpredictable Rupert did not adhere to the Roman road (the modern A59). As if following his own seventeenth century sat-nav, he made a daring twenty-two-mile diversion around the north of the allies. Crossing the River Ure and the Swale, Rupert put a protective moat of water between him and the enemy and raised the siege of York in one fell swoop. There he read the King’s letter once more:<br />
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<i>'If York be relieved, and you beat the rebels’ army of both kingdoms which are before it, then (but otherwise not) I may possibly make a shift upon the defensive.'</i></div>
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The no-nonsense Prince saw only a directive to defeat the enemy in battle. With little rest, his military planning was interrupted by a second, crucial letter, this time from the Earl of Newcastle, commanding York’s royalist garrison:<br />
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<i>'Your name, sir, hath terrified the great generals and they fly before it … I am made of nothing but thankfulness and obedience to Your Highnesses commands.'</i></div>
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Taking the gushing letter at face value and not accounting for Newcastle’s pompous character, the Prince sent a messenger to instruct the earl to take his three thousand troops to Marston Moor forthwith. Rupert arrived on the moor at 9am on 2 July but found neither friend nor foe present. Instead, the allies never expected the outnumbered Prince to fight, and had withdrawn to Tadcaster. Strung out in marching columns, they were shocked to hear of ‘Rupert the Devil’s’ phantom-like appearance and turned about.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Sealed Knot marching up to 'Cromwell's Plump' including soldiers from Newcastle's Whitecoats.</td></tr>
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Once back on Marston Moor, the allies were surprisingly able to marshall their men unhindered. Rupert was tempered by the continued absence of Newcastle and his men, and the earl eventually arrived – alone – at midday. By two in the afternoon the mouths of the allied artillery spewed roundshot and their men chanted psalms. Humid air enveloped the moor and warned of a coming storm. Under clouds as dark as Rupert’s mood the York men arrived at four o’clock and Rupert, judging the day to be spent, stood his men down.<br />
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As royalist campfires smoked, the allied commander, Lord Leven, sent his men on the offensive and they marched down the slopes to rumbles of thunder. Oliver Cromwell and his cavalry on the allied left wing headed straight for Lord Byron’s royalist horsemen. Byron advanced - against orders - thus losing the defence of a ditch and masking the fire of his own musketeers, and was routed.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Taken from the Royalist positions and looking towards the obelisk which was erected in the centre of the battlefield which in 1644 was between both armies.</td></tr>
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On the allies’ right wing, Sir Thomas Fairfax was forced to contend with the formidable terrain. His men broke and were chased off the field by most of the royalist horsemen who squandered their advantage. The remaining royalist cavalry grasped the opportunity to attack the allied infantry in the centre. As the allied soldiers crumbled, even their three commanders thought all was lost and fled to Tadcaster.<br />
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Rupert, sensing victory was within his grasp, took his cavalry reserve and went to head off Cromwell’s success. A mammoth struggle ensued until Cromwell, wounded on the cheek, was victorious and Rupert forced to hide for his life in a bean field. With the run of the moor, Cromwell defeated the remaining royalist horsemen and decimated their infantry.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">The Marston Moor obelisk up close.</td></tr>
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Darkness attempted to obliterate sight of the carnage but the full moon picked out the faces of the four thousand royalist dead. Newcastle’s whitecoats, after arriving late, courageously refused to surrender. They had once vowed to dye their tunics in the blood of the enemy, yet as they were massacred, it was their own blood that did so. Another notable casualty was Rupert’s dog, Boye. Portrayed by the enemy as demonic, and Rupert’s talisman, the poodle’s death signified the end of his master’s invincibility.<br />
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Two hours of fighting was all it took to seal the fate of the King’s cause in the north and York would fall two weeks later."<br />
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Many thanks to Mark for writing this guest article. I asked Mark about how he became interested in the English Civil War, and to tell me more about his own writing, particularly <i>Allegiance of Blood,</i> his novel due out later this year:<br />
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"I became hooked on the English Civil War at the age of 10. We’d visited Helmsley Castle and my parents bought me a pack of ‘top trump’ cards featuring the monarchs of England. The minute I saw Van Dyck’s portrait of King Charles I at the hunt, I wanted to know more. The painting, costumes and the King’s image were fascinating and then turning over, I read how he was executed. I’d also started trying to write stories at an early age (earliest was a plot for Thomas the Tank Engine!) so as my interest grew in the English Civil War, my interest in writing automatically seemed to go hand-in-hand.<br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Lone soldier singing 'Jerusalem' on Marston Moor.</td></tr>
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The first civil war book I bought was Christopher Hibbert’s <i>Cavaliers and Roundheads</i> and I decided that I also wanted to keep the history and its characters alive in writing, so I began creating my own historical novel. I’ve made sure I have kept true to historical events and characters and <i>Allegiance of Blood</i> is due out later this year. It opens at Edgehill and follows a fictional character, Sir Francis Berkeley, whose life and family are turned upside down by the twists and turns of this momentous period. The story also features many historical characters along the way, allowing the reader a fly-on-the-wall view of the deadly allegiances that threaten Francis.<br />
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I’m also writing articles at the moment about various civil war battles, seeing as there are many 375th anniversaries coming up (one of the things I learned was that the ‘Highland Charge’ of Culloden fame was first used by Montrose in a civil war battle in 1644!). These articles are either for local press, or my own Facebook group: <a href="https://www.facebook.com/markturnbullauthor">https://www.facebook.com/markturnbullauthor</a>. I have re-enacted before and would love to again, but at the minute writing takes up my spare time."Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-73748470799185170392019-01-03T13:14:00.000+00:002019-01-03T13:14:27.330+00:00Charles II: Art & Power @ The Queen's Gallery<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Portraits at the Charles II: Art & Power exhibition</td></tr>
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There have been a few fine 17th century exhibitions in London over the past few years: <a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2013/01/peter-lely-courtauld.html" target="_blank">Peter Lely at the Courtauld</a>, the fantastic <a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2013/09/in-fine-style-art-of-tudor-and-stuart.html" target="_blank">In Fine Style: The Art of Tudor and Stuart Fashion</a> at the Queen's Gallery, <a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2013/01/henry-stuart-prince-of-wales-exhibition.html">The Lost Prince: Henry Stuart</a> at the NPG and the <a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2011/11/januszczak-on-dobson.html">William Dobson 400th anniversary</a> celebration at Somerset House.</div>
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Another two were running simultaneously in the capital last year: <a href="https://www.royalacademy.org.uk/exhibition/charles-i-king-and-collector">Charles I, King and Collector</a> at the Royal Academy, and <a href="https://www.royalcollection.org.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/charles-ii-art-power/the-queens-gallery-buckingham-palace" target="_blank">Charles II: Art and Power</a> at the Queen's Gallery. Shamefully I missed the Royal Academy show (though it did get mixed reviews), but did manage to make it along to the Charles II exhibition, which was excellent. Here are some pics ... </div>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Portrait of Charles I at his trial.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Engravings of Charles II and contemporaneous copies. Always struck by the fine detail.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Portraits of wives mistresses and statesmen (Prince Rupert, top-left)</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">John Michael Wright’s portrait showing Charles dressed in Parliament robes over the Order of the Garter costume, wearing the Crown of State, the Sword of State and the Garter Collar with the Great George, and holding the new Orb and Sceptre made for his coronation</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">More from the portrait room.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Holbein sketches. </td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Books from the king's personal collection.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Furniture once owned by Henrietta Maria.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Love the drama in this picture!</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pieter Bruegel the Elder's <i>The Massacre of the Innocent</i>s, c.1565–7.</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/405707/the-misers" target="_blank"><i>The Misers</i> (follower of Marinus van Reymerswaele,1548-51)</a>. Like many of the pictures in the exhibition, Charles II inherited the work from his father. It's fascinating to track the ownership of these paintings over the centuries, particularly seeing how they survived the turbulence of civil war and restoration.</td></tr>
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I also picked up the excellent catalogue, which is <a href="https://www.royalcollectionshop.co.uk/charles-ii-art-and-power.html" target="_blank">still available from the Royal Collection shop</a>. These are always sumptuously produced, and worth buying on your visit as they increase in price considerably when out of print.<br />
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The exhibition has now moved to the Palace of Holyrood in Edinburgh.<br />
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<a href="https://www.rct.uk/collection/themes/exhibitions/charles-ii-art-power/the-queens-gallery-palace-of-holyroodhouse" target="_blank">Charles II: Art and Power</a></div>
Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-64686165395228814482017-05-09T08:00:00.000+01:002017-05-11T10:50:12.359+01:00Q&A: British Historical Medals of the 17th Century (Jerome J. Platt, author and collector)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">THE ‘JUXON MEDAL.’ ALTHOUGH OFTEN REFERRED TO AS A ‘MEDAL,’ THIS GOLD PIECE IS ACTUALLY A PATTERN FOR A FIVE UNITE (FIVE POUND) COIN (M.I. 374/270; 38 MM.). IMAGE COURTESY OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM.</td></tr>
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Books on 17th century military campaigns rarely mention the award of medals. Beyond the odd token of appreciation handed out by the monarch, I was unaware of them being routinely issued at all.<br />
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So it was fascinating to learn that the practice became increasingly common during the 1640s, with medals from the period highly prized by collectors today.<br />
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The subject is explored in a new book, <i>British Historical Medals of the 17th Century</i>, by Jerome J. Platt. I asked Jerome about who typically issued these awards and why, and learned more about the background to his own collecting ...<br />
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<a name='more'></a>Struan: Your new book is a companion work to one previously published. Tell us more...<br />
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Jerome: <i>British Historical Medals of the 17th Century: Books, Authors, Medallists, Collectors and Antiquaries</i> covers the medallists, authors, collectors, medal dealers and booksellers associated with the ECW period, with expanded coverage to include British medals 1600 - 1688. It's a companion to our earlier work, <i>The English Civil Wars: Medals, Historical Commentary & Personalities vols. 1 and 2</i> (also published by <a href="https://www.spink.com/" target="_blank">Spink</a>), which drew together detailed information on some 900 individual medals reflecting some 400 subtypes of medals in private and public collections.<br />
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In addition to medal aficionados and ECW enthusiasts and collectors, we've found these works to appeal to collectors of antiquarian books and those interested in British history and the history of British <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numismatics" target="_blank">numismatics</a>. <br />
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S: What were medals typically awarded for during the period?<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2NMkOPrAUXg/WRDHO1PJ8mI/AAAAAAAADqc/OqHLLkTbljYPwCR1XPd_m2aT8zbgZ63iQCLcB/s1600/royalist_silver_gilt.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-2NMkOPrAUXg/WRDHO1PJ8mI/AAAAAAAADqc/OqHLLkTbljYPwCR1XPd_m2aT8zbgZ63iQCLcB/s1600/royalist_silver_gilt.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A LARGER ROYALIST SILVER GILT MEDAL (M.I. 360/232; X 54 X 37 MM.), LATE ECW PERIOD. NOTE THE PEARL (FOR A TEAR?). THE SIZE, METAL AND FINE WORKMANSHIP SUGGESTS THAT THIS PARTICULAR MEDAL WAS GIVEN TO, OR MADE FOR, A PERSON OF SOME IMPORTANCE. IMAGE COURTESY OF MORTON & EDEN LTD.</td></tr>
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J: In the Middle Ages, royal orders and similar awards were exceptionally personal; they were issued by rulers, military commanders or prominent individuals as a token of positive regard or achievement but often also as a form of self-promotion or self-aggrandisement. Until the mid-17th century, the award of collars, breast stars and gold chains were a frequent means of recognising military success at the command level, while the common soldier was rewarded with coin, extra rations or drink. Junior officers might receive engraved swords.<br />
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Medals for military service have a very long history in Britain, extending back to the reign of Elizabeth I, when they began to be issued as military rewards for outstanding service. These were typically ‘jewels’ or stars of gold and enamel created for commanders such as Sir Francis Drake and Sir John Hawkins, as well as commemorative medals celebrating the defeat of the armada, although campaign medals are not known to have been intended for award to ‘common’ soldiers and sailors until the mid-17th century.<br />
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It was during the English Civil War that the issuance of military medals came to be more of a common practice and the present system of medals began to be established. For example, medals such as those for the battles of Edgehill and Dunbar were created and awarded by King Charles I and Parliament respectively. In their conception, these generally correspond to our present campaign medals. While the Royalist medal for Edgehill was likely intended for issue to senior officers and thus may be seen to also be a continuation of the practice of rewarding leaders, but not common soldiers, the Dunbar medal was the first medal intended for issue to all ranks as a reward for their participation in that battle. Unfortunately, however, the few medals that were created were probably given to senior officers, Parliament never having appropriated the funds to pay for a general issue of the medal to all participants, numbering about 10,000.<br />
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The ECW also saw the implementation of a practice, on both the Royalist and Parliamentarian sides, of awarding medals to individuals for acts of bravery in much the same way as is the case for present-day gallantry awards. Among these early awards were the Royalist ‘<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forlorn_hope" target="_blank">Forlorn Hope</a>’ medals which can be identified as a military reward to individual soldiers of all ranks.<br />
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Preceding and during the ECW, awards of money, food and drink also continued to be given by commanders: one can easier see how a ‘Forlorn Hope’ party would particularly be grateful for the latter on the evenings before (and after) an assault on a castle or other fortified position!<br />
<br />
An important aspect of collecting British military medals is being able to carry out research on specific recipients. This is not possible for most ECW medals, however, as in almost all cases the medals were not named and what little paperwork existed is now gone. Luckily, a very few award documents have survived with the accompanying medal and these can provide the names of the recipient. One of these medals, together with the award document signed by Sir Thomas Fairfax and issued to a soldier under his command - identified as ‘Mr. John Sharpe' - remained in the possession of the recipient’s family and in 2005 was gifted by his descendants to the <a href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/about_us/departments/coins_and_medals.aspx" target="_blank">British Museum’s Dept. of Coins and Medals</a>.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DVUTeecZ95I/WRDIXywSQQI/AAAAAAAADqo/-QrBsiTm5CAeclPQzGD0tGEm5sSjT7C2gCLcB/s1600/fairfax.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DVUTeecZ95I/WRDIXywSQQI/AAAAAAAADqo/-QrBsiTm5CAeclPQzGD0tGEm5sSjT7C2gCLcB/s1600/fairfax.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">A SMALL ‘GENERAL FAIRFAX MEDAL’ (M.I.i 318/151; 25 x 21 mm.) OF THE TYPE WHICH WAS AWARDED TO MR. JOHN SHARPE AND RECENTLY GIVEN TO THE BRITISH MUSEUM. IMAGE COURTESY THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
During this period unique awards were also created for award to individual officers: Capt. John Smith and Capt. William Rainsborough were two recipients of early gold medals.<br />
<br />
S: What were medals typically made of?<br />
<br />
J: The medals of the ECW period, in fact across the entire 17th century, are found in almost all metals. While those awarded to, or made for, senior officers and the aristocracy were usually of gold, silver and gilded silver, the great majority of medals are found in silver and other non-precious metals, including copper and white metal, likely reflecting the rank, social status or purse size of the person who ordered the manufacture.<br />
<br />
During the ECW, medals bearing the likeness of a leader such as Fairfax, Essex or Manchester were also probably purchased by some of their followers and here the purse size likely dictated the metal. With the exception of the ‘Forlorn hope’ medal, the warrant for which provided for “pain or punishment’ for unauthorised wear, I have not learned of any restrictions on the wearing of medals obtained by purchase during the ECW.<br />
<br />
S: Were medals equally bestowed on both Royalist and Parliamentarian sides?<br />
<br />
J: Generally, the Royalists paid attention to medals more so than did the Parliamentarians. Royal warrants were written for several medals, including the ‘Forlorn Hope’ medal, and the medals awarded to Capt. John Smith and Sir Robert Welch (or Welsh, Walsh).<br />
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The Commonwealth did catch up later when it issued a series of medals to sea commanders, including Admirals Robert Blake and George Monck and a number of captains and other officers. Parliament also issued a warrant for the manufacture of a very expensive (£800) ‘jewel’ in precious metals and enamels to be awarded to General Sir Thomas Fairfax on his victory at Naseby in 1645. This jewel now resides at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaton_Delaval_Hall" target="_blank">Seaton Delaval Hall</a>, Northumberland.<br />
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<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hT6mJbgoQj8/WRDI-h2K9nI/AAAAAAAADqs/Lv6YHWSP4Yw0yxbgjnrjHGrXWvdymZrQgCLcB/s1600/charles.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-hT6mJbgoQj8/WRDI-h2K9nI/AAAAAAAADqs/Lv6YHWSP4Yw0yxbgjnrjHGrXWvdymZrQgCLcB/s1600/charles.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A CHARLES I MEMORIAL MEDAL OF THE KIND OFTEN WORN CONCEALED BY HIS FOLLOWERS AFTER THE ECW. IN SILVER-GILT. (M.I.I 361/235; 21 X 17.45 MM.). AUTHOR’S COLLECTION.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Display of a medal could cause problems for an individual if it reflected loyalty to the ‘other side.’ For example, the wearing of a medal with the portraits of the past or present sovereign (or Protector, in the case of Cromwell) could have disastrous consequences if the particular ruler was out of office!<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t34K1LluR-M/WRDJk69JXLI/AAAAAAAADq0/Wbmsb9ZHsFI0qZtg_muJcYaDDPNd3EtvgCLcB/s1600/locket.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t34K1LluR-M/WRDJk69JXLI/AAAAAAAADq0/Wbmsb9ZHsFI0qZtg_muJcYaDDPNd3EtvgCLcB/s1600/locket.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A LOCKET OR ‘FUNERAL MEDALET’ IN SILVER-GILT WORN BY ROYALIST SUPPORTERS AFTER THE EXECUTION OF CHARLES I. IN SILVER-GILT (M.I.I 366/249,. 21.7 X 19.6 MM.). AUTHOR’S COLLECTION.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Thus, during the Protectorate, owners of medals or badges of Charles I or Prince Charles took care to either destroy them or to wear them in a concealed manner, while after the Restoration former Parliamentarian supporters could not be seen wearing ‘their side’s’ medals. In the former case, surreptitious wearing of small medals bearing the portrait of Charles I, particularly ‘funeral medalets,’ appears to have continued, these being broken out for more public display after the Restoration.<br />
<br />
<div>
S: How frequently do ECW medals come up for sale now? What is a typical sale price?</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
J: The medals of the ECW period are scarce, and as many disappear into public or private collections, the former usually permanently and the latter for periods of decades at a time, they are becoming scarcer. <br />
<br />
Yet, there are still relative bargains to be found. For example, a recent Charles I memorial medal dated 1649 in copper sold for a hammer price of £130. At the same sale, a silver-gilt medalet for Charles I’s marriage to Henrietta Maria in 1625 sold for £140 and the same medalet in silver sold for £85. Nonetheless, the fact is that many of these medals are extraordinarily rare and their prices reflect this rarity at a time when interest in ECW artifacts has been steadily increasing. A good example is the Charles I memorial medal dated 1649 (see below) in gold, for which the hammer price was £4,000. In this case, the rarity or scarcity of the medal corresponds to the relative price.</div>
</div>
<div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_K8BwJU8jxk/WRDK4t5qN8I/AAAAAAAADrA/Z31cocbjL0UeAR3GMyET6wxMZdpGG4ECgCLcB/s1600/copper%252C%2Bsilver%252C%2Bgold.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-_K8BwJU8jxk/WRDK4t5qN8I/AAAAAAAADrA/Z31cocbjL0UeAR3GMyET6wxMZdpGG4ECgCLcB/s1600/copper%252C%2Bsilver%252C%2Bgold.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">THE OBVERSES OF A CHARLES I MEMORIAL MEDAL (M.I.347/201; 34.5 MM.), IN COPPER, SILVER AND GOLD. THE THREE MEDALS SOLD FOR £130, 400, AND 4,000, RESPECTIVELY. IMAGES COURTESY WOOLLEY & WALLIS SALISBURY, EX FOLEY COLLECTION.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Not surprisingly, however, as with other collectables, in addition to scarcity, condition, attractiveness and provenance affect the price - although condition and physical attractiveness are less important to me than is the association value and provenance - by these I mean the ability to connect the individual medal to a person or event and the existence of an ownership history, ideally descending from the original owner to the present.<br />
<br />
S: Have you any personal favourites?</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
J: My favorite medal, while quite rare, is an anomaly in that it has the characteristics of rarity, base metal composition, physical unattractiveness and less than pristine condition. This medal, illustrated below, was likely, as was noted by Herbert Grueber in the plates volume accompanying <i>Medallic Illustrations…</i>, “…executed as a military reward in some beleaguered place where an artist could not be found…it may have been only a badge made for some persons as could not procure those of silver.”</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Blx7QQBrVA8/WRDLbZwlbPI/AAAAAAAADrE/-u_skEHDoHsnpeA0Qs4bGe4StilkdlAGgCLcB/s1600/pewter.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Blx7QQBrVA8/WRDLbZwlbPI/AAAAAAAADrE/-u_skEHDoHsnpeA0Qs4bGe4StilkdlAGgCLcB/s1600/pewter.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">THE CHARLES I, CROWNED, MEDAL IN PEWTER, CIVIL WAR PERIOD, NOW IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM COLLECTION (M.I.I 367/251; 39.7 X 29.7 MM.). IMAGE COURTESY TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
A close runner-up among my favorites is the Oxford Memorial medal, issued in 1649. In 1647, twenty-four ‘Parliamentary Visitors’ came to Oxford with the aim of ‘reforming’ the University. Frustrated in their aim by the administration and students, Parliament gave the ‘Visitors’ the power to administer the Covenant and Negative Oath, but they still met passive resistance. On a second visit, refusal to take the oath on the part of several hundred faculty and students resulted in their expulsion by the Visitors from their positions and the University. It is likely that many, if not the majority of those expelled, in refusing to renounce their consciences, lost whatever they possessed in life and never regained position or income, as meager as it had been.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zplLKczPEIM/WRDM6ETQT-I/AAAAAAAADrU/evuK0J98tJgASDqSKChoB9xv-W9Cn8HHACLcB/s1600/oxford1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-zplLKczPEIM/WRDM6ETQT-I/AAAAAAAADrU/evuK0J98tJgASDqSKChoB9xv-W9Cn8HHACLcB/s1600/oxford1.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">THE OXFORD MEMORIAL MEDAL (M.I.I 348/205; 29 MM.), IN SILVER (AUTHOR’S COLLECTION) AND SILVER-GIILT (COURTESY WOOLLEY & WALLIS, SALISBURY, EX FOLEY COLLECTION.).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The Oxford memorial medal was given as a token of support to those expelled members of the community. One’s heart must go out to those who put conscience and loyalty above expedience. Perhaps having been an academic gives me even greater empathy for these ‘poor scholars’!</div>
<div>
</div>
<div>
<br />
S: Which medals are rarest or most prized?</div>
<div>
<br />
J: I mention a medal or two in the book that have sold in the rarified £50,000+ range: these are unique pieces connected with specific events and have the provenance to support the connection. One example is the unique ‘Dominion of the Sea’ medal in gold owned by Charles I and given by him to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Juxon" target="_blank">Bishop William Juxon</a> a few weeks before the former’s execution. This medal recently sold for $375,000! <br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W31fqsR7ot0/WRDNavUbFwI/AAAAAAAADrY/_-PWMmGk_VEJEssPwqhBqfiq8bHVfa99ACLcB/s1600/juxon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-W31fqsR7ot0/WRDNavUbFwI/AAAAAAAADrY/_-PWMmGk_VEJEssPwqhBqfiq8bHVfa99ACLcB/s1600/juxon.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">THE ‘JUXON MEDAL.’ ALTHOUGH OFTEN REFERRED TO AS A ‘MEDAL,’ THIS GOLD PIECE IS ACTUALLY A PATTERN FOR A FIVE UNITE (FIVE POUND) COIN (M.I. 374/270; 38 MM.). IMAGE COURTESY OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div>
<br />
Another, the ‘Juxon medal,’ is actually a gold pattern five-unite coin which Charles I gave to Juxon while on the scaffold. Here we have two very rare numismatic items with unique and historically important connections to an important historical event. In the first case, the medal was unique and remained in the unbroken possession of the Juxon family until 2010. In the second case, the coin, one of two identical pieces given to Juxon, had passed from Charles I to Juxon, to his niece, then to prominent collectors and finally, after auction at Sotheby’s and Spink, to the British Museum. The price paid by the Museum when the piece was acquired in 1896 was £770.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
S: What originally sparked your interest in the field?</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
J: My interest in English Civil War medals was part of an evolutionary progression. In 1974, having had an interest in British military history from a very early age, I was a collector of British militaria – uniforms, headdresses, swords, Victorian campaign medals and badges - until one day I came across an ECW medal. From that moment on, I realised that I was a medal collector - I now held in my hand a piece of history, in the form of a small work of art, which could be connected directly to a time, place and perhaps, if I was lucky, a person who had participated in history. Of course, I had tapped into the medal collector’s true passion - the story of the man or woman behind the medal.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Soon afterwards I came across a Parliamentarian medal for the victory at Dunbar for sale. Although unnamed, as were almost all other medals of the ECW period, it was clearly associated with a time, place and person - Oliver Cromwell - and evocative of all that had occurred in that internecine war.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Over time, as I came across other medals from the period, I became increasingly interested in the many variants that existed and I began to see these medals as very personal; it was likely, for instance, that these medals, except perhaps those to very senior officers, were worn constantly throughout a soldier’s or officer’s period of service and even his lifetime. In this regard, it is interesting that the ‘Forlorn Hope’ medal appears to have holes for sewing it to one’s jacket, jerkin, or other article of clothing.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
As time went on and as my collection grew, I also became interested in the medalists who had designed and made the medal. Soon the ECW period became the single focus of my collecting. Being a researcher by both inclination and profession, I began delving deeper into ECW medals and the people connected with them, and being an academic, of course I began keeping copious notes of what I had found: I should say ‘we’ rather than ‘I’, as my wife, whom I had caught peeking over my shoulder as I worked on my collection, soon occupied a seat at the table, and we became a research team. </div>
<div>
<br />
Then and now, my wife and I usually spent our vacations in Britain. Soon, these trips became research expeditions to the major repositories of ECW medals in the UK. Premiere among these is of course the British Museum’s Department of Coins and Medals, which houses the National Collection, in our opinion, the foremost collection of ECW and other medals in the country.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
For our research we also visited the Victoria & Albert, the Fitzwilliam Museum at Cambridge, the Heberden Coin Room at the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, the National Museum of Scotland, the Hunterian Collection at the University of Glasgow, the Museum of London, the National Army Museum, and the Cromwell Museum, Huntingdon, as well as the collection of the American Numismatic Society in New York. During these visits we met curators and scholars who were able to answer some of our increasingly difficult questions. We also examined medals passing through sales at the major London auction houses.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
S: What are the major works associated with medal collecting from this period?</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
J: The gold standard volumes on British medals are Hawkins, Franks, and Grueber’s’s classic <i>Medallic Illustrations of British History</i> (M.I.), the first version of which was completed in 1852 and published in 1886, and its companion volume of plates of illustrations prepared by Herbert Grueber between 1904 and 1911. These volumes are necessarily descriptive surveys of some 3,000 British medals through the death of George II, providing a paragraph or two of description and history on each medal.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
Laurence Brown’s three volumes on <i>British Historical Medals, 1760-1960</i> picks up where M.I. ends and surveys British medals from the accession of George III in 1760 through 1960. An additional 9,900 British medals appeared between the years 1760 and 1941!</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div>
A very nice concise introduction to ECW coins and medals by Edward Besly, <i>Coins and Medals of the English Civil War</i> (1990) focuses on the mints operated by both the Royalists and Parliamentarians.</div>
<div>
The unique view we've taken in the new book is to integrate detailed information on ECW and 17th century medals in connection with the historical background and personages associated with them, either as subjects, medallists, collectors, authors or sellers. This simply does not exist elsewhere in print.<br />
<br />
<i>Jerome J. Platt is a retired medical school professor of psychiatry, research director and research dean who has been an active collector and researcher of British medals for over 40 years. Originally trained as a psychologist, Dr Platt became interested in the personalities of those personages depicted on medals of the English Civil War. This volume is the result of his study of the men and women who are associated with the history of historical and commemorative medal design, manufacture, sale, collecting and scholarship. Dr Platt is also the author or editor of over a dozen books on drug addiction, research and psychological issues as well as </i>The Whitewash Brigade<i> - a history of the Hong Kong Plague medal (1894).</i><br />
<br /></div>
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____________________________________</div>
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<br /></div>
<div>
<br />
Many thanks to Jerome for taking part in the Q&A, and also to Emma Howard at Spink for facilitating the interview.</div>
<div>
<br />
<b>More about the books</b><br />
<br />
<div>
<i>British Historical Medals of the 17th Century: Medallists, Books, Authors, Collectors, Booksellers & Antiquaries (Jerome J Platt and Arleen Kay Platt, 2017).</i><br />
As attractive as historical or commemorative medals are in their own right and as telling as they are by their designs and inscriptions of the persons or events they honour (or, in some cases, vilify or deride), they tell us much more: by means of inscriptions, design and allegory, they tell us their age, of their makers, of the purpose for which they were made, the manner in which they were made, and the ‘story’ their maker wished to communicate.<br />
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<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9rU94sd1ekU/WRDOStPp-2I/AAAAAAAADrk/EK8h6T3IV2IeqyuFYTzgwCg5aeWg_aFiwCLcB/s1600/british_historical_medals.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="British Historical Medals of the 17th Century: Medallists, Books, Authors, Collectors, Booksellers & Antiquaries by Jerome J Platt and Arleen Kay Platt" border="0" height="320" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-9rU94sd1ekU/WRDOStPp-2I/AAAAAAAADrk/EK8h6T3IV2IeqyuFYTzgwCg5aeWg_aFiwCLcB/s320/british_historical_medals.jpg" title="British Historical Medals of the 17th Century: Medallists, Books, Authors, Collectors, Booksellers & Antiquaries by Jerome J Platt and Arleen Kay Platt" width="246" /></a></div>
This volume presents the published works on 17th century British medals that appeared in the late 17th century through to the 19th century as well as biographies of the authors. It also surveys those medallists who created the medals, the major collectors of the medals, the great collections that we know of through auction catalogues, the antiquaries and chroniclers who wrote on the period, or who were otherwise associated with these works, as well as early printers of numismatic works. It is intended as a companion volume to the authors’ two volume work, <i>The English Civil Wars: Medals, Historical Commentary & Personalities</i>. </div>
<br />
<div>
Handsomely illustrated throughout with some 300 illustrations, this work is an essential addition to the libraries of collectors and students of both British and Continental Historical and Commemorative Medals.</div>
<div>
<br />
<i>Hardback, jacketed; 432 pages with colour illustrations throughout; RRP £50; ISBN: 978-1-907427-48-0; available April 2017.</i></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<br />
<i>The English Civil Wars: Medals, Historical Commentary & Personalities vols. 1 and 2 (</i><i>Jerome J Platt and Arleen Kay Platt, 2013):</i><br />
<br />
Some three and a half centuries ago, Britain was convulsed by a series of civil wars. The names of its participants and major battles Oliver Cromwell and Charles I, Cavaliers and Roundheads, Edgehill and Dunbar are still well known today. These wars saw the introduction of medals as rewards for gallantry and campaign service. This book places these medals within the historical context of the times.<br />
<br />
These volumes are an essential addition to the libraries of all who have an interest in the medals, personalities and events of the English Civil Wars. Building on earlier works on the subject, they provide detailed information which is indispensable for the collector, numismatist, auction house specialist and Civil War enthusiast as well as for the military or art historian with an interest in the period.<br />
<br />
The detailed information on over 900 individual medals illustrating over 400 subtypes in both private and public collections, accompanied by more than 500 photographs and illustrations of medals, many in colour, provides an important archival reference source, bringing the personalities of the figures of the period into focus.<br />
<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>“[This] book is a work of very great scholarship and dedication, having taken more than four decades from concept to fruition; but it is much more than this, it is the fruit of a burning, shared passion which is reflected in the depth of detail, the delight in quotations, the personal observations and the rich, extensive illustrations.”</i> </blockquote>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
Paul Christensen, Ph.D., <i>Numismatic Circular</i> </blockquote>
<br />
<i>Hardback, clothbound in two volumes with slipcase; 808 pages with colour illustrations throughout; RRP £175, but available for a limited period only at £90; ISBN: 978-1-907427-15-2.</i>Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-35867156999564725842017-03-23T16:54:00.002+00:002017-03-23T16:54:58.149+00:00Wolfwalkers: Oscar-nominated animators' new 17th century feature <center>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="300" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/_NW2QZJSglQ" width="500"></iframe></center>
<br />
Here's a behind-the-scenes look at <i>Wolfwalkers</i>, an animated feature from the makers of Oscar-nominated film <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_the_Sea_(2014_film)" target="_blank">Song of the Sea</a> </i>(2014).<br />
<br />
The film's set in Ireland during Cromwell's attempt to subdue the population through the killing of wolves ...<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a>It's a surprising, though rather sad, story I hadn't heard before. The tactic appears to have been introduced to protect increasing numbers of farmed animals in the 1640s. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves_in_Ireland" target="_blank">wolves in Ireland page</a> on Wikipedia has more, but the rationale still seems unclear:<br />
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
<i>The bulk of anti-wolf legislation occurred during the decade following the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland. A number of writers from this time period suggest that as a result of ongoing military campaigns in Ireland, particularly the Cromwellian wars 1641-1652 and the devastation of much of the country and, with increasing numbers of farmed animals, wolf numbers were increasing and seen as a threat to business.<br /> <br />The level of rewards and bounties established by Oliver Cromwell's regime attracted a few professional wolf hunters to Ireland, mostly from England. Politically, the prospect of numbers of armed Irish roaming around the country hunting wolves was not acceptable, given the ongoing conflict between the Irish and the new English settlers, so it was seen as much safer for the English authorities to encourage men from their own country to deal with the wolf problem. The problems caused by wolves were considered serious enough by Cromwell’s government to impose a ban on the exportation of Irish Wolfhounds.</i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves_in_Ireland" target="_blank">There's more on the Wikipedia page</a>)</blockquote>
Hopefully the film will reveal all! In the meantime, if anyone can suggest any useful reading on the subject please let me know (an academic paper link on the Wikipedia page is broken).<br />
<br />
Here's a second clip from the makers, Cartoon Saloon:<br /><br />
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<br /></center>
<center style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.cartoonsaloon.ie/" target="_blank">Cartoon Saloon</a><br /><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolves_in_Ireland" target="_blank">Wolves in Ireland</a></center>
Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-63839850817100890612017-02-14T08:00:00.000+00:002017-03-08T10:17:38.753+00:00An Epithalamion, or Marriage Song on the Lady Elizabeth and Count Palatine being Married on St Valentine’s Day (John Donne, 1613)<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; color: #000020; font-family: 'Arial'; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: auto; text-align: left; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;"><tbody>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-urBpt24CqDg/VL_ie-I1AlI/AAAAAAAADe0/AfmGX9HsN3k/s1600/Frederick_V_King_of_Bohemia%3B_Elizabeth%2C_Queen_of_Bohemia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-urBpt24CqDg/VL_ie-I1AlI/AAAAAAAADe0/AfmGX9HsN3k/s1600/Frederick_V_King_of_Bohemia%3B_Elizabeth%2C_Queen_of_Bohemia.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.8px;">Frederick and Elizabeth, King and Queen of Bohemia</span></td></tr>
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<br />
Today marks the 404th anniversary of the marriage of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Stuart,_Queen_of_Bohemia" target="_blank">Elizabeth Stuart </a>(sister of Charles I) to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_V_of_the_Palatinate" target="_blank">Frederick, the Elector Palatine</a>.<br />
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The pair married on 14 February 1613, with lavish simultaneous celebrations in London and Heidelberg. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Donne" target="_blank">John Donne</a> was commissioned to write a marriage song to celebrate the occasion, so, for all those celebrating Valentine's Day, here it is ...<br />
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<a name='more'></a></div>
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I.<br />
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HAIL<span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>Bishop Valentine, whose day this is;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="1"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> All the air is thy diocese,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="2"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> And all the chirping choristers</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="3"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>And other birds are thy parishioners;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="4"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Thou marriest every year</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td>The lyric lark, and the grave whispering dove,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="6"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>The sparrow that neglects his life for love,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="7"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>The household bird with the red stomacher;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="8"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Thou makest the blackbird speed as soon,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="9"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>As doth the goldfinch, or the halcyon;</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td>The husband cock looks out, and straight is sped,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="11"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>And meets his wife, which brings her feather-bed.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="12"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>This day more cheerfully than ever shine;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="13"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>This day, which might inflame thyself, old Valentine.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="14"></a></td></tr>
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<br />
II.<br />
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Till now, thou warm’d’st with multiplying loves</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td> Two larks, two sparrows, or two doves;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="16"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> All that is nothing unto this;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="17"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>For thou this day couplest two phœnixes;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="18"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Thou makst a taper see</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="19"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>What the sun never saw, and what the ark</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td>—Which was of fowls<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="txt1"> </a><a href="http://www.bartleby.com/357/59.html#note59.1">1</a><span class="Apple-converted-space"> </span>and beasts the cage and park—</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="21"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Did not contain, one bed contains, through thee;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="22"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Two phœnixes, whose joined breasts</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="23"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Are unto one another mutual nests,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="24"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Where motion kindles such fires as shall give</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td>Young phœnixes, and yet the old shall live;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="26"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Whose love and courage never shall decline,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="27"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>But make the whole year through, thy day, O Valentine.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="28"></a></td></tr>
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<br />
III.<br />
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Up then, fair phœnix bride, frustrate the sun;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="29"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Thyself from thine affection</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td> Takest warmth enough, and from thine eye</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="31"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>All lesser birds will take their jollity.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="32"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Up, up, fair bride, and call</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="33"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Thy stars from out their several boxes, take</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="34"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Thy rubies, pearls, and diamonds forth, and make</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td>Thyself a constellation of them all;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="36"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> And by their blazing signify</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="37"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>That a great princess falls, but doth not die.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="38"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Be thou a new star, that to us portends</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="39"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Ends of much wonder; and be thou those ends.</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td>Since thou dost this day in new glory shine,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="41"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>May all men date records from this day, Valentine.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="42"></a></td></tr>
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IV.<br />
<br /></div>
Come forth, come forth, and as one glorious flame</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="43"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Meeting another grows the same,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="44"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> So meet thy Frederick, and so</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td>To an inseparable union go,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="46"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Since separation</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="47"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Falls not on such things as are infinite,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="48"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Nor things, which are but one, can disunite.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="49"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>You’re twice inseparable, great, and one;</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td> Go then to where the bishop stays,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="51"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>To make you one, his way, which divers ways</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="52"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Must be effected; and when all is past,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="53"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>And that you’re one, by hearts and hands made fast,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="54"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>You two have one way left, yourselves to entwine,</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td>Besides this bishop’s knot, of Bishop Valentine.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="56"></a></td></tr>
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<br />
V.<br />
<br /></div>
But O, what ails the sun, that here he stays,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="57"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Longer to-day than other days?</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="58"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Stays he new light from these to get?</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="59"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>And finding here such stars, is loth to set?</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td> And why do you two walk,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="61"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>So slowly paced in this procession?</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="62"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Is all your care but to be look’d upon,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="63"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>And be to others spectacle and talk?</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="64"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> The feast with gluttonous delays</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td>Is eaten, and too long their meat they praise;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="66"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>The masquers come late, and I think, will stay,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="67"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Like fairies, till the cock crow them away.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="68"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Alas! did not antiquity assign</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="69"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>A night as well as day, to thee, old Valentine?</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
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<tr><td><div align="left">
<br />
VI.<br />
<br /></div>
They did, and night is come; and yet we see</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="71"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Formalities retarding thee.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="72"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> What mean these ladies, which—as though</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="73"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>They were to take a clock in pieces—go</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="74"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> So nicely about the bride?</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td>A bride, before a “Good-night” could be said,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="76"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Should vanish from her clothes into her bed,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="77"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>As souls from bodies steal, and are not spied.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="78"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> But now she’s laid; what though she be?</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="79"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Yet there are more delays, for where is he?</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td>He comes and passeth through sphere after sphere;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="81"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>First her sheets, then her arms, then anywhere.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="82"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Let not this day, then, but this night be thine;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="83"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Thy day was but the eve to this, O Valentine.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="84"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="left">
<br />
VII.<br />
<br /></div>
Here lies a she sun, and a he moon there;</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td> She gives the best light to his sphere;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="86"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Or each is both, and all, and so</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="87"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>They unto one another nothing owe;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="88"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> And yet they do, but are</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="89"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>So just and rich in that coin which they pay,</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td>That neither would, nor needs forbear, nor stay;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="91"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Neither desires to be spared nor to spare.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="92"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> They quickly pay their debt, and then</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="93"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Take no acquittances, but pay again;</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="94"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>They pay, they give, they lend, and so let fall</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td>No such occasion to be liberal.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="96"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>More truth, more courage in these two do shine,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="97"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Than all thy turtles have and sparrows, Valentine.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="98"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td></td></tr>
<tr><td><div align="left">
<br />
VIII.<br />
<br /></div>
And by this act of these two phœnixes</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="99"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Nature again restorèd is;</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td> For since these two are two no more,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="101"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>There’s but one phœnix still, as was before.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="102"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Rest now at last, and we—</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="103"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>As satyrs watch the sun’s uprise—will stay</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="104"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Waiting when your eyes opened let out day,</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td>Only desired because your face we see.</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="106"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td> Others near you shall whispering speak,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="107"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>And wagers lay, at which side day will break,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="108"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>And win by observing, then, whose hand it is</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="109"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>That opens first a curtain, hers or his:</td><td align="RIGHT" valign="TOP"><i> </i></td></tr>
<tr><td>This will be tried to-morrow after nine,</td><td><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="111"></a></td></tr>
<tr><td>Till which hour, we thy day enlarge, O Valentine.<br />
<br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/marriage-winter-queen" target="_blank">More on Elizabeth Stuart's marriage</a></div>
<div>
<a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01qm2k4" target="_blank">BBC radio programme (by Lisa Jardine) on Elizabeth the 'Winter Queen'</a><br />
Not currently available, but <a href="http://www.radiotimes.com/episode/t78cn/the-early-music-show--the-marriage-of-princess-elizabeth-stuart-and-frederick-elector-palatine" target="_blank">here's a link to Lucie Skeaping's Early Music Show </a>on the music used at the wedding</div>
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Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-17344876748820616072017-01-28T09:00:00.000+00:002017-01-31T20:42:23.165+00:00Royal Ordnance in 1637<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yCWoeEl7tZM/T5_ncf_TqEI/AAAAAAAAA0A/1iVPBYbMxlk/s1600/2220475_35faa713.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yCWoeEl7tZM/T5_ncf_TqEI/AAAAAAAAA0A/1iVPBYbMxlk/s640/2220475_35faa713.jpg" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">One of the culverins on <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/suffolk/content/articles/2005/07/03/coast05walks_stage5.shtml" target="_blank">Gun Hill, Southwold</a>. The origin of the six guns is still open to conjecture. Photo: © Copyright Evelyn Simak (<a href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/" target="_blank">CC BY-SA 2.0</a>)</td></tr>
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<br />
After revisiting an <a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2012/11/guest-post-new-techniques-for.html" target="_blank">old guest blog article</a> on 17th century siege warfare I stumbled across a fascinating analysis of a Royal Ordnance inventory ...<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a>Dr A R Collins has looked at the <a href="http://arc.id.au/Ordnance1637.html" target="_blank">Royal Ordnance Survey of 1637</a>, prior to Charles I taking military action against the Scots, using <a href="http://arc.id.au/Ordnance1637.html" target="_blank">photographs of the source alongside a mirror transcription</a>. It shows what's held in the Royal armouries, compares it with the inventory levels recommended at a 1626 council of war, and shows the cost of making up the difference. There's also an excellent glossary detailing the weapons mentioned.<br />
<br />
Dr Collins has also used <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Borgard" target="_blank">Colonel Albert Borgard's</a> early 18th century work on standardising shot sizes to <a href="http://arc.id.au/Cannonballs.html" target="_blank">work out the diameter of cannonballs/shot based on their mass</a>. Interesting stuff.<br />
<br />
<b>Other reading</b><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2012/11/guest-post-new-techniques-for.html">Guest blog: New techniques for understanding 17th century siege warfare</a> (Amanda Wynne, University of Huddersfield)<br />
<br />Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-356274319904631552017-01-09T08:00:00.000+00:002017-01-09T13:42:54.730+00:00Guest blog: Civil War Oxford (Vanessa Moir, civilwaroxford.co.uk)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-txwsxMtmQoU/WD9EqeUzbNI/AAAAAAAADn0/4ou2BOKVn3IP9wq_5dwNadQ6CVxJfz9gQCLcB/s1600/civilwaroxford.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-txwsxMtmQoU/WD9EqeUzbNI/AAAAAAAADn0/4ou2BOKVn3IP9wq_5dwNadQ6CVxJfz9gQCLcB/s1600/civilwaroxford.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The interactive map showing locations associated with court officials, university members, townspeople and guests during the English Civil War (image copyright: <a href="http://www.civilwaroxford.co.uk/" target="_blank">civilwaroxford.co.uk</a>)</td></tr>
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<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
Vanessa Moir created <a href="http://civilwaroxford.co.uk/" target="_blank">civilwaroxford.co.uk</a> after being inspired by her university studies and her experience of living in the city. In this guest blog she explains more about its interactive features, the primary sources she's working with, and her plans for the site's future ...<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
</div>
<a name='more'></a>"Strangely enough, I
first became interested in the Civil War period not while studying in
the UK, but in Canada. One highlight for me of a fantastic exchange
year at Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario, was a history course
on utopias and ideal societies. The course seminar was held on
Wednesdays from 7pm to 10pm (although it rarely actually lasted the
full three hours), a surprisingly convenient time (and better than
the 8.30am lectures the university also held), because course reading
could be done during the day, and we could go to the pub or
university bar afterwards.<br />
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
One utopia that we studied on the course
was <i>The Law of Freedom</i>, written by the Digger <a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/search/label/Winstanley">Gerard Winstanley</a> in 1652. I later wrote my undergraduate dissertation
comparing his ideas about the role of God and men in government with
the ideas of Oliver Cromwell, and then wrote my masters’
dissertation comparing the Taliban government to Oliver Cromwell’s
protectorate government, a proposal which unfortunately didn’t come
together as well as it could have done.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Y8GwGryTPxw/WE8UkaYYL0I/AAAAAAAADoY/BjhuaMr5O0IHtdb6w1yCNSLzB3Qre-eIQCLcB/s1600/University_Church_of_St_Mary_the_Virgin.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Y8GwGryTPxw/WE8UkaYYL0I/AAAAAAAADoY/BjhuaMr5O0IHtdb6w1yCNSLzB3Qre-eIQCLcB/s640/University_Church_of_St_Mary_the_Virgin.jpg" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Church_of_St_Mary_the_Virgin" target="_blank">University Church of St Mary the Virgin</a>. Dating from the 11th century, the church was the site of the 1555 trial of the Oxford Martyrs, and suffered damage from Cromwell's troops during the English Civil War. (CC BY-SA 2.0)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Many years later, when
living in Oxford, disquieted with working in the charity sector and
wondering what to do next, I kept saying to people that the thing
that I would really like to do would be to create a website on
Oxfordshire in the Civil War period, so during the summer of 2014, I
started to read on the subject, the website was initially created in
September 2014, and I put a lot of initial material on in early 2015.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
The site was initially
entirely based around maps. I wanted it to not just be a blog with
writing, but to be more interactive, and seeing as it is about a
geographic area maps seemed a good way to convey that. Civil War
Oxford is a WordPress site, basically because this was the easiest
way of doing it, and the maps are a plugin, which were found and set
up by my boyfriend, who is better at software than I am. The map
plugin didn’t really come with instructions, and it took me a while
to work out how best to set up the menus on the left hand side, for
example, how to ensure that they would not be automatically ‘open’
and showing the information inside them. They also can’t be
reordered, which is annoying. I also imaged having maps with moving
arrows on them showing the passages taken by armies, but does doesn’t
seem to be possible with this particular plugin, and I shall have to
work something out in the future. I used contemporary maps of
Oxfordshire and Oxford, but have been trying to draw my own map of
Christ Church, the Oxford University college in which the King was
living.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
It became apparent that
the maps didn’t really work when tracking a series of events, so I
looked for easy to use timeline software, and found the Knightlab
software, which is free to use and creates timelines based on
information entered into a Google sheet. This software is very
user-friendly, is easy to add images and tweets into, and looks
impressive when fully set up on the site.
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qiTZDKAxiBw/WE8XWsZlYZI/AAAAAAAADok/BRhK2zjat1gwPyTrrg1hHYJSRS275HxrgCLcB/s1600/timeline.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-qiTZDKAxiBw/WE8XWsZlYZI/AAAAAAAADok/BRhK2zjat1gwPyTrrg1hHYJSRS275HxrgCLcB/s1600/timeline.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">The site's interactive timeline.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
I had also started a
Twitter account linked to the site, but have never been very good at
thinking of things to say on Twitter. Partly to give me something to
say, I started tweeting the account from Anthony Wood’s memoirs of
the first year of the war in Oxford. Anthony Wood was a noted 17<sup>th</sup>
century Oxford antiquarian and historian who wrote accounts of his
own life, the history of the city of Oxford and the history of the
University of Oxford, which are very useful to historians today.</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
He
was also notable for arguing with everyone and supposedly frequenting
the same pub (the Eagle and Child) that would be famously used by JRR
Tolkien and CS Lewis for their weekly Inklings meetings 300 years
later. Given that he was actually only twelve years old in 1642, he
“borrows”, or rather uses without much attribution, an account
from the University archivist, Brian Twyne. Brian Twyne left a near
day-by-day description of what was happening in Oxford in the early
months of the war, perfect for tweeting.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
Unfortunately, this detailed
account doesn’t go beyond July 1643, so after a pause for a few
months, I am tweeting the movements of Charles I and Prince Rupert
from two primary sources, <i>The Iter Carolinum of Charles I </i>and
<i>The Journall of Prince Rupert’s Marches</i>, which give a basic
list of where they stayed on most days during the war until Rupert
left England and Charles was captured.<i> </i>I am also considering
using Samuel Luke’s journals, which have various spy reports from
Oxford, but those only start in February.</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oOLf0eD7EA8/WE8axo700_I/AAAAAAAADo0/_WBWOf9EoBk8KcuQX5uqpGnnQbns8As7wCLcB/s1600/map2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oOLf0eD7EA8/WE8axo700_I/AAAAAAAADo0/_WBWOf9EoBk8KcuQX5uqpGnnQbns8As7wCLcB/s1600/map2.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A teenage <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aubrey" target="_blank">John Aubrey</a> was a new student at Trinity College in the spring and summer of 1642, studying logic and ethics.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />Getting an overall
knowledge of the period took quite a long time, and I still feel that
I am only just starting out. I rather tend to work on the site in
fits and spurts, depending on how the rest of my life is progressing.
I have started using some of the primary sources, but not enough so
far to get off narrative history and to write analytical articles,
but I would like to do more of this in future. There are various
primary sources available, but some are particularly noticeable by
their absence. For example, records of the proceedings of the Oxford
Parliament were destroyed when the city surrendered in 1646 and there
are only two mentions of the King’s presence at Christ Church in
the college archives, even though his stay there is well documented
elsewhere.<br />
<br />
My immediate aims are
adding more primary sources and writing more about events and
everyday life in Oxford during this period. I also need to finish my
Christ Church page at some point! More long term, I would like to
write in more detail about life in the towns, villages and rural
areas outside Oxford, to make the site more encyclopedic. This might
mean moving on from using maps and timelines as the main way to
convey information to more conventional web articles. I would also
like to improve the software to make it more interactive. The subject
is potentially very big and I don’t think I will run out of new
things I could do for years!"</div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b>About the author: </b><br />
<br />
Vanessa Moir read History at the University of St Andrews before completing a Masters in International Relations at King's College London. Both of her dissertations were partly based on the Civil War and Protectorate era. She lives in Oxford, where she previously worked as a tour guide for Footprints Tours, for which she researched and wrote new tours of the city and university. She is now seeking to work in historical publishing.<br />
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.524px;">______________________</span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: white;"><br /><br /><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.524px;">Many thanks to Vanessa for taking time out to explain more about the fantastic resource </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 13.524px;"><a href="http://civilwaroxford.co.uk/">civilwaroxford.co.uk</a>. You can also follow her on Twitter <a href="https://twitter.com/oxfordwar" target="_blank">@oxfordwar</a>.</span></span></div>
<div class="western" style="margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "verdana" , "geneva" , sans-serif; font-size: 13.524px;"><br /></span></div>
Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-89443095518793719982017-01-04T09:00:00.000+00:002017-01-05T11:14:12.439+00:00Bromley Hall: London's oldest brick building<center>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="300" src="https://www.google.com/maps/embed?pb=!1m0!3m2!1sen!2suk!4v1483536564773!6m8!1m7!1syqK-eyj1md9kG8tOuEbvKQ!2m2!1d51.51917386816281!2d-0.01005981444421877!3f57.792432274156184!4f8.138930447722316!5f0.7820865974627469" style="border: 0;" width="500"></iframe></center>
<br />
A grim stretch of the Blackwall Tunnel northern approach is hardly where you'd expect to find London's oldest brick building - or an English Civil War gunpowder factory, for that matter ...<br />
<br />
<a name='more'></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromley_Hall" target="_blank">Bromley Hall</a>
is easy to miss. Many times I've driven around the A12 paying little attention to the endless exhaust-strained offices, boarded-up factories and self-storage hangers. The carriageway passes right by the door, so you're also unlikely to see it from afar.<br />
<br />
The early Tudor house was built in 1490 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Priory,_Aldgate" target="_blank">Holy Trinity Priory</a>, on the site of the earlier Lower Bramerley Manor. Seized during the dissolution of the monasteries, it was refurbished by Henry VII before being used as a gunpowder factory in the 1640s. The building was later used as a printing works and private house before becoming a nurses residence and training hospital in the late 19th century.<br />
<br />
Now used as offices, many of its ancient features remain, including a carved hunting scene, beams with the original leather washers used for hanging the tapestries, Tudor windows, three 15th and 16th century wall paintings and a Queen Anne staircase.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.alabaster.org.uk/chron29c.htm" target="_blank">More on Bromley Hall, including shots of the interior</a>Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-48900474791753209452016-10-21T16:33:00.001+01:002016-11-30T21:38:05.044+00:00The Danby Gate @ Oxford Botanic Garden<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FyBvowwbCCQ/VABLu9gV9II/AAAAAAAADUg/spnT-dN-AeQ/s1600/Image00005.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FyBvowwbCCQ/VABLu9gV9II/AAAAAAAADUg/spnT-dN-AeQ/s1600/Image00005.jpg" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Stone#The_Danby_Gateway.2C_Oxford" target="_blank">Danby Gate in Oxford (1632-33).</a> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
I previously wrote a couple of articles about the <a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2012/03/york-house-water-gate.html">York House Water Gate</a> in London. The architect Nicholas Stone is now considered to have been its designer and builder, and comparisons are often drawn with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Stone#The_Danby_Gateway.2C_Oxford" target="_blank">Danby Gate in Oxford</a>, built 1632-33.<br />
<br />
I managed to have a look round the Danby Gate, now the entrance to the <a href="https://www.botanic-garden.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank">Botanic Garden</a>, on a recent visit to the city. Here are some pics ...<br />
<a name='more'></a><br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="500" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ybMhjAmvOZ0/VABLsynbk6I/AAAAAAAADUQ/ids_GO5bH1g/s1600/Image00011.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="300" /></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The gate from inside the garden. </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-ybMhjAmvOZ0/VABLsynbk6I/AAAAAAAADUQ/ids_GO5bH1g/s1600/Image00011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"></a></div>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9zJoFVZBhzM/VABLs9FLZSI/AAAAAAAADUU/PaOLRJneQ4Q/s1600/Image00013.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="500" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-9zJoFVZBhzM/VABLs9FLZSI/AAAAAAAADUU/PaOLRJneQ4Q/s1600/Image00013.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">A statue of Charles I inside one of the pediments.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-m4fxj9Dirnk/VABLwPM9Y3I/AAAAAAAADUw/xd8PL80Np9A/s1600/Image00014.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-m4fxj9Dirnk/VABLwPM9Y3I/AAAAAAAADUw/xd8PL80Np9A/s1600/Image00014.jpg" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" target="_blank">tympanum</a>, with its bust of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Danvers,_1st_Earl_of_Danby" target="_blank">1st Earl of Danby</a>, who commissioned the gate in 1621. The latin inscription reads 'Gloriae Dei Opt. Max. Honori Caroli Regis, in usum Acad. et Reipub. Henricus comes Danby DD. MDCXXXII.'</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nCD6k97SIhs/VABLvTtPHdI/AAAAAAAADUk/pnAbp8PInAg/s1600/Image00016.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="500" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-nCD6k97SIhs/VABLvTtPHdI/AAAAAAAADUk/pnAbp8PInAg/s1600/Image00016.jpg" width="300" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The other pediment showing Charles II in classical pose.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gz1ZewclWJo/VABMhURxBKI/AAAAAAAADVA/jzI51Zi5tuo/s1600/Image00007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="500" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-gz1ZewclWJo/VABMhURxBKI/AAAAAAAADVA/jzI51Zi5tuo/s1600/Image00007.jpg" width="382" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Another photo from inside the gardens, with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalen_College,_Oxford" target="_blank">Magdalen College</a> tower in the background.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
The Botanic Garden is well worth a visit in itself - it's open all year round and an adult ticket is a very reasonable £5.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2012/03/york-house-water-gate.html">The York House Water Gate Part One</a><br />
<div>
<a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2015/08/the-york-house-water-gate-part-two.html">The York House Water Gate Part Two</a><br />
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Stone" target="_blank">More about Nicholas Stone</a></div>
<div>
<a href="https://www.botanic-garden.ox.ac.uk/" target="_blank">Oxford University Botanic Gardens</a></div>
Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-81131271045344583932016-09-05T07:25:00.001+01:002021-04-08T11:40:31.201+01:00Wooden replica of 17th century London burnt<center>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="300" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/o47qgPvXAyU" width="500"></iframe></center>
<br />
Here's the video of the 120m-long wooden replica of 17th century London being set alight.<br /><br />The model was built by US artist <a href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/feb/15/david-best-the-man-who-builds-art-and-burns-it-burning-man-derry" target="_blank">David Best</a> to mark 350 years since the Great Fire of London in 1666. To mark the anniversary the Museum of London has created a website as a permanent resource for information on the fire:<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.fireoflondon.org.uk/" target="_blank">www.fireoflondon.org.uk</a>Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-53701452669416304712016-08-01T09:00:00.000+01:002016-08-01T09:00:00.901+01:00London and the English Civil War: A lecture by Barry Coward (2008)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tJWhCOkzbWg/UujhDVpRQ9I/AAAAAAAADGo/V19P0dAaUdU/s1600/1371573_74a8275a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-tJWhCOkzbWg/UujhDVpRQ9I/AAAAAAAADGo/V19P0dAaUdU/s1600/1371573_74a8275a.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The White Tower, Tower of London. Image: © Copyright Rod Allday (CC BY-SA 2.0)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
Here's an interesting read: <a href="http://seventeenthcentury.info/index.php?title=London_and_the_English_Civil_War" target="_blank">a transcript of the revised version of Barry Coward's presidential lecture given at the Historical Association’s Annual Conference at the Museum of Childhood on 12 April 2008</a> (a shorter version was given to the Friends of Senate House Library on 7 March 2005).<br /><br /><a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2013/04/londons-english-civil-war-defences-1642.html" target="_blank">Interactive map: London's English Civil War defences</a><br /><a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2012/09/brentford-and-turnham-green-walk.html">A walk round Brentford and Turnham Green</a>Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-1272675072368689712016-07-12T12:05:00.002+01:002016-07-12T12:09:16.812+01:00Dobson self-portrait sells for £1.1m<center>
<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="300" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/bzz-cLZ9I8E" width="500"></iframe>
</center>
<center>
</center>
<center style="text-align: left;">
</center>
<center style="text-align: left;">
</center>
<center style="text-align: left;">
<br /></center>
<center style="text-align: left;">
A self-portrait by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dobson" target="_blank">William Dobson,</a> court painter to Charles I, sold recently at Bonham's for £1.1m (including buyer's premium).</center>
<center style="text-align: left;">
<br /></center>
<center style="text-align: left;">
</center>
<center style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2016/jul/06/william-dobson-self-portrait-must-be-saved-for-nation" target="_blank">Guardian article on the portrait</a></center>
<center style="text-align: left;">
<a href="https://www.bonhams.com/press_release/21985/" target="_blank">Bonham's press release</a></center>
<center style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/search/label/Dobson">More articles about William Dobson</a></center>
<center style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/search/label/Art%20and%20Icons">More articles about English Civil War art</a></center>
Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-74477121522656106732016-05-15T09:00:00.000+01:002016-05-24T11:19:06.513+01:00£20 for Major Smith<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LOvr1OxDfa4/Upinu4urleI/AAAAAAAADC0/Wz-iiXcLoxI/s1600/1661_letter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-LOvr1OxDfa4/Upinu4urleI/AAAAAAAADC0/Wz-iiXcLoxI/s640/1661_letter.jpg" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b>Note: article updated 24.05.16 to include missing words/corrections to misreadings - thanks to Simon Marsh and Ivor Carr.</b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
I recently came into the possession of a document written in the 1660s. It appears to be a letter awarding a pension to a solider who had served in the English Civil War.<br />
<br />
But how can we be so sure? ...<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<b></b></div>
<a name='more'></a><b>When was it written?</b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
It is dated 17th August 1661.</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
<b>How large is it?</b></div>
<br />
The document measures roughly 20cm x 12 cm, though a small (presumably blank) portion of the top-left corner is missing.<br />
<b><br />What does it say?</b><br />
<br />
Most of the text is legible, though the handwriting renders some words difficult to identify. The single paragraph reads:<br />
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<i>After my hearty Comendacons. By vertue of his Majesties letters patents dormant of the nine and twentith of January last. These are to prey and require you to draw an order for payment of the sume of Twenty pounds - to Major Paul Smith as of his </i><i>Majesties </i><i>free guift and bounty in respect of his services and sufferings by the late troubles, and his present necessities. And for doing so this shalbe Yor warrant</i><br />
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<i>T. Southampton</i></div>
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<i><i>17 August 1661</i></i></div>
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<b>Who wrote it?</b><br />
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The document is signed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wriothesley,_4th_Earl_of_Southampton" target="_blank">Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton</a>, and the signature/handwriting appears to be the same as on other documents bearing his hand (a number can be found online, eg <a href="https://richoliff.files.wordpress.com/2012/01/southampton_signed.jpg" target="_blank">here</a>).<br />
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Wriothesley initially sided with Parliament on outbreak of the Civil War, before supporting the king and seeing his fortunes rise after the Restoration. On 8 September 1660 he was appointed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_High_Treasurer" target="_blank">Lord High Treasurer</a>, a job that he would hold until his death, meaning that he would have signed this document while holding this post.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jpgCUVunxKc/UpivjcZPrQI/AAAAAAAADDU/rus8EjlL8G8/s1600/signature.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-jpgCUVunxKc/UpivjcZPrQI/AAAAAAAADDU/rus8EjlL8G8/s1600/signature.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The signature of the 4th Earl of Southampton.</td></tr>
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<b>From where was it sent?</b></div>
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As mentioned, the dating of the document seems to indicate that it was written while Southampton held the position of Lord High Treasurer. The letter may therefore have been sent from Whitehall, or from one of the Earl's other residences, including Place House in Titchfield, Hampshire (<a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2013/08/half-way-house-stuarts-at-titchfield.html">see my previous article on Titchfield</a>).<br />
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<b>To whom is it addressed?</b></div>
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There is no salutation at the top of the document, though its contents appears to suggest that it is written for Major Paul Smith himself. As it is written in the third-person it could, however, have been addressed to another individual drawing the pension on Major Smith's behalf, or simply be a legal document unintended for Major Smith's eyes.<br />
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<tr><td><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VI6J2cChB70/UpivjMmKhYI/AAAAAAAADDQ/ajhAnMlO9sE/s1600/by_virtue.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-VI6J2cChB70/UpivjMmKhYI/AAAAAAAADDQ/ajhAnMlO9sE/s1600/by_virtue.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8px;">"By virtue of his Majesty's letters patents"</td></tr>
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<b>What does it pertain to?</b><br />
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The award of money to Major Paul Smith is for his service during a conflict that took place prior to 1661, presumably the English/British Civil Wars. The name is repeated in pencil at the bottom, possibly added more recently, though the handwriting appears similar.</div>
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The document mentions that the recipient of the award is being compensated for his 'sufferings by the late troubles', suggesting injury or disability perhaps caused by fighting in the conflict.</div>
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<b>Do we know anything else about Major Paul Smith?</b></div>
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A Major Paul Smith (or Smyth) served in Lord Wilmot's Regiment of Horse at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Roundway_Down" target="_blank">Battle of Roundway Down</a> in 1643, and his individual actions are documented. Smith led a forlorn hope of 300 men at the commencement of the fighting that drove their Parliamentarian opposite numbers back into Waller's horse. Seeing the confusion Wilmot's men charged into Sir Arthur Hesilrig's Lobsters, routing them in what would become a decisive Royalist victory.<br />
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The same Major Paul Smith is also documented as riding with Prince Rupert's Lifeguard at the First Battle of Newbury a few months later, and his name (again as an officer in Wilmot's horse) is listed in the Edgehill order of battle.<br />
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Could the recipient of the £20 be the same man that charged the enemy at Roundway Down? Did he suffer injury there or in subsequent campaigns that, on retirement, would leave him needing a handout from the government?<br />
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Pension rolls and other lists of Royalist officers awarded pensions for their service in the English Civil War exist, though I have yet to find the same Major Paul Smith listed.<br />
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<b>What else is interesting about it?</b></div>
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Closer examination may suggest that the letter was not written by one hand or at one sitting. Though the handwriting is similar, enhancing its colour contrast reveals that the salient information - the amount of the award and to whom it is to be awarded - is written lighter ink.</div>
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This may indicate that the document was prepared as a pro-forma, with the 'twenty pounds' and 'Major Paul Smith' added later, possibly by Southampton himself.<br />
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<tr><td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5hGYmWh_XYU/UpivjMlDWrI/AAAAAAAADDY/9yLAI6V58I0/s1600/major-paul.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-5hGYmWh_XYU/UpivjMlDWrI/AAAAAAAADDY/9yLAI6V58I0/s1600/major-paul.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.7273px;">The sum and the recipient enhanced. Were they written by a different hand?<br />
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There is also very feint watermark at the bottom of the letter shows a cross inside a circle, with a crown above it:</div>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-POEan001SsE/Upio86ZfvJI/AAAAAAAADDA/olfIsNmroLk/s1600/1661_letter_watermark.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-POEan001SsE/Upio86ZfvJI/AAAAAAAADDA/olfIsNmroLk/s640/1661_letter_watermark.jpg" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The watermark (digitally enhanced).</td></tr>
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The digitally enhanced image shows a cross with a crown above, possibly indicating a government office, though I have been unable to find an exact match in lists of 17th century watermarks and seals.<br />
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If anyone can shed further light on this, or the document as a whole, please <a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/p/about.html">get in touch</a>.<br />
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<b>Further reading</b><br />
<br />
<i>Relation to the secretary of the last western action between the Lord Wilmot and Sir William Waller</i> (printed at York by Stephen Bulkley in 1643)<br />
<i>The Civil War in the South West </i>- John Barratt (2005)<br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wriothesley,_4th_Earl_of_Southampton" target="_blank"><br /></a>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Wriothesley,_4th_Earl_of_Southampton" target="_blank">Thomas Wriothesley, 4th Earl of Southampton</a><br />
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Battle_of_Roundway_Down" target="_blank">The Battle of Roundway Down</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2013/08/half-way-house-stuarts-at-titchfield.html">Half-way house: The Stuarts at Titchfield</a> - previous article about Titchfield Abbey, the Stuart monarchy and the Wriothesleys.Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-21430110743031373712016-02-21T20:36:00.000+00:002016-02-21T20:37:39.302+00:00Guest blog: Siege types of the English Civil War (David Flintham FRGS)<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-L8KH_O585Dk/VmBuSyM2uyI/AAAAAAAADkQ/JWKzauXIGuA/s1600/2013-08-16%2BCromwells%2BCastle%252C%2BTresco%252C%2BIsles%2Bof%2BScilly%2B2013%2B%25281%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-L8KH_O585Dk/VmBuSyM2uyI/AAAAAAAADkQ/JWKzauXIGuA/s640/2013-08-16%2BCromwells%2BCastle%252C%2BTresco%252C%2BIsles%2Bof%2BScilly%2B2013%2B%25281%2529.JPG" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Cromwell's Tower on Tresco, Isle of Scilly. Built c. 1651 (see <a href="http://www.vauban.co.uk/kingdoms-under-siege">www.vauban.co.uk/kingdoms-under-siege</a> for further information).</td></tr>
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The 17th century was a watershed in European history: it was the century when the superstitions of the medieval period were largely laid to rest and replaced by scientific reasoning. The origins of the great transformations of the 18th and 19th centuries (the Enlightenment, and the Agricultural and Industrial Revolutions) are firmly in the 17th century. The transformation on the battlefield was no less dramatic – military engineering which was regarded as an ‘art’ during the 16th century was very much a science by the end of the 17th ...<br />
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The military history of Western Europe in the 17th century is dominated by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" target="_blank">Thirty Years War</a>, the Wars of the Three Kingdoms (misleadingly, but commonly, known as the ‘English Civil Wars’), and the wars of Louis XIV. The common perception of these conflicts is of big battles: cavalry charges on the wings whilst in the centre, massed infantry formations slugging it out. Yet the reality is rather different as it was the siege rather than the set-piece battle which dominated 17th century warfare.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XUVj7RO65bc/VmBuS9EViyI/AAAAAAAADkM/6JdCK0yXRaA/s1600/2013-06-11%2BKings%2BLynn%2B-%2BJune%2B%2528Red%2BMound%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-XUVj7RO65bc/VmBuS9EViyI/AAAAAAAADkM/6JdCK0yXRaA/s640/2013-06-11%2BKings%2BLynn%2B-%2BJune%2B%2528Red%2BMound%2529.JPG" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">King's Lynn's 1643 defences by the Red Mound.</td></tr>
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During the Civil Wars there were more than 300 sieges of various kinds and in the first year of existence, the New Model Army fought just two major battles but conducted 12 sieges and storms. Prince Rupert, a commander with a reputation for seeking battle as a first resort, participated in twice as many actions involving attacking or defending strongpoints as he did battles. Christopher Duffy described the conflict as “a war of trenches, ramparts, palisades, bombardments and blockades”.<br />
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The Civil Wars actually started with the storming of Edinburgh Castle in 1639 and ended with the fall of Dunottar Castle in 1652, whilst Oliver Cromwell’s Irish campaign of 1649-50 comprised nearly entirely of sieges and assaults. The first ‘English’ Civil War started with an attack on Hull in July 1642 (although there is a case for the first being Parliament’s capture of the Tower of London in January 1642 being the start), and ended with the fall of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlech_Castle" target="_blank">Harlech Castle</a> in March 1647.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-daprziKeklw/VmBuX5ZQQ7I/AAAAAAAADko/Fv5o9Dq2Uu0/s1600/2011-03-29%2BLeith%2BCitadel%2B%25283%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-daprziKeklw/VmBuX5ZQQ7I/AAAAAAAADko/Fv5o9Dq2Uu0/s640/2011-03-29%2BLeith%2BCitadel%2B%25283%2529.JPG" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Entrance to Leith Citadel, one of the Cromwellian citadels built in Scotland during the 1650s (see <a href="http://www.fortified-places.com/leith">www.fortified-places.com/leith</a>/ for further information). Image copyright David Flintham.</td></tr>
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Yet military studies of the Civil War period focus almost entirely on battles and other field-actions. Civil War sieges fall into four types:<br />
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<ul>
<li>The <i>coup de main</i>, where surprise was used (such as Alexander Leslie’s capture of Edinburgh Castle in 1639).</li>
<li>The ‘smash and grab', where an assault was launched after a preliminary bombardment, a preferred tactic of the New Model Army (and on at least one occasion, at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Castle" target="_blank">Dartmouth Castle</a> in 1646, the assault was launched without any bombardment). Here, just the threat of the assault was often enough to persuade the garrison to surrender.</li>
<li>The blockade, which was a longer-lasting affair, and the besieger invested the place of strength, preventing communication and offensive activities by the garrison. This was the preferred option by an attacker unwilling (or unable) to attempt an assault and was used (without much success) by the Royalists at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Gloucester" target="_blank">Gloucester</a>, Plymouth and<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Lyme_Regis" target="_blank"> Lyme Regis</a>.</li>
<li>Finally, and quite uncommon was the complete investiture, where a circumvallation of rampart and ditch, fort and battery would be constructed around the entire town, in so doing cutting it off from the outside world. Examples of this are few: Newark (1645-6), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Oxford" target="_blank">Oxford </a>(1646) and <a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2012/04/tracing-siege-of-colchester.html">Colchester </a>(1648).<br /></li>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uDIEGcKBKMs/VmBuSzoF1_I/AAAAAAAADkI/ZHGQxdHJNyU/s1600/Deal%2BCastle%2B2013%2B%25281%2529.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uDIEGcKBKMs/VmBuSzoF1_I/AAAAAAAADkI/ZHGQxdHJNyU/s640/Deal%2BCastle%2B2013%2B%25281%2529.JPG" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Deal Castle, built by Henry VIII and defended by Royalists in 1648 (see 'Tudor Wall' <i>Military History Monthly</i>, No. 63, December 2015). </td></tr>
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Despite their importance, studies or sieges and fortifications are relatively uncommon and so to help raise awareness of the sieges and fortifications of the civil wars, and to create a home for my on-going research into the sieges and fortifications of the 17th century, I recently launched <a href="http://www.vauban.co.uk/">www.vauban.co.uk</a>. Here, you will find pages devoted to London’s Civil defences, sieges and fortifications of the 2nd and 3rd Civil Wars, together with a page devoted to the greatest military engineer, <a href="http://www.vauban.co.uk/vauban" target="_blank">Sébastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de Vauban</a>, after whom, the site is named.<br />
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____________________<br />
<br />
David Flintham FRGS is a military historian specialising in 17th century sieges and fortifications, and has been interested in the 'English' Civil Wars for virtually all of his life, an interest ignited by seeing the 1970 film, <i><a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/p/media.html#2">Cromwell</a></i>. He is a graduate of the ‘Partizan Press school of ECW studies’. A fellow of the Royal Geographical Society, he writes regularly for the <a href="http://www.fsgfort.com/" target="_blank">Fortress Study Group</a> and is a regular contributor to <i>Military History Monthly</i>.<br />
<br />
He is the author of two books, several academic papers and a number of popular articles, and is regarded as an expert on London's civil war defences. He is currently writing his third book, <i>Civil War London. London under Charles I and Oliver Cromwell, </i>due to be published by <a href="http://www.helion.co.uk/" target="_blank">Helion and Company</a> at the end of 2016.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.vauban.co.uk/">www.vauban.co.uk</a><br />
<a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2013/04/londons-english-civil-war-defences-1642.html">Interactive map: London's Civil War defences</a><br />
<a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2012/05/siege-of-colchester-map.html">Interactive map: Siege of Colchester 1648</a><br />
<a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/p/interviews-guest-blogs.html">More guest blogs and interviews</a>Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-30271540496782409012015-09-10T11:40:00.001+01:002015-09-10T11:40:17.633+01:00The way to the Forum ...<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />Interested in chatting with other English Civil War/17th century enthusiasts? Re-enactment gear you want to get rid of? Question about the period you need answering?<br />
<br />
You can do all these things and more at the <a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/p/forum.html">englishcivilwar.org Forum</a> ...<br />
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<a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/p/forum.html">Go to the Forum</a>Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7162974697248403779.post-31788615430900433672015-08-10T15:18:00.000+01:002015-08-10T15:18:25.603+01:00The York House Water Gate: Part Two - The Water Gate in Art<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DFvDWmtEsH8/T1FMGX4C9AI/AAAAAAAAAno/Bs1ygKyDEws/s1600/Marlow.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-DFvDWmtEsH8/T1FMGX4C9AI/AAAAAAAAAno/Bs1ygKyDEws/s640/Marlow.png" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>A view of the Thames from the Buckingham stairs water gate towards the Adelphi Terrace, Saint Paul's Cathedral beyond</i>. Circle of William Marlow (1740-1813).</td></tr>
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Read first! <a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2012/03/york-house-water-gate.html">The York House Water Gate: Part One</a><br />
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The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Stone#York_House_water_gate" target="_blank">York House Water Gate</a> has been a source of inspiration for many artists since its completion in 1626, though sadly only as a remnant of the once-great Thames-side mansion rather than as the grand waterside entrance to the ill-fated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Villiers,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham">Duke of Buckingham's</a> lodgings.<br />
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Here are some examples ...<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-78wxnXfjJbU/T1pKf29Yg1I/AAAAAAAAAqc/e5XcXD2_nqM/s1600/hollar.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-78wxnXfjJbU/T1pKf29Yg1I/AAAAAAAAAqc/e5XcXD2_nqM/s640/hollar.PNG" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wenceslas_Hollar" target="_blank">Wencesclas Hollar's </a>map of London, sometime around 1688</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xZLejuGmN-c/Tz7CauQXjUI/AAAAAAAAAlE/NQebUvd173U/s1600/1780.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="350" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-xZLejuGmN-c/Tz7CauQXjUI/AAAAAAAAAlE/NQebUvd173U/s320/1780.png" width="480" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Alexander Hogg's engraving of the Gate in 1784. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Buildings_Water_Tower" target="_blank">water tower in the background</a> was a dominant feature of the 18th century London skyline.</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uR5zNite-H8/T1FBeMZEqKI/AAAAAAAAAnI/5qK9OLVtaBc/s1600/Malton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uR5zNite-H8/T1FBeMZEqKI/AAAAAAAAAnI/5qK9OLVtaBc/s640/Malton.jpg" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Thomas Malton Jr's <i>Watergate, York Buildings</i> (1795). Currently on display at the British Embassy, Paris</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7hkxUT5N_2k/T1FNsxa1w-I/AAAAAAAAAnw/veJUv0NqG9g/s1600/Nelson.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-7hkxUT5N_2k/T1FNsxa1w-I/AAAAAAAAAnw/veJUv0NqG9g/s400/Nelson.png" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><i>Nelson's Funeral Procession on the Thames, 9 January 1806, </i>by Daniel Turner (1807). Copyright: National Maritime Museum</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UVGDn9mm5vs/T1FIQGhUaNI/AAAAAAAAAnY/eSboMauyn0c/s1600/canaletto.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-UVGDn9mm5vs/T1FIQGhUaNI/AAAAAAAAAnY/eSboMauyn0c/s640/canaletto.png" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><i>London, A View Of The Thames, Looking Towards Westminster From Near The York Water Gate</i><br />
by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canaletto" target="_blank">Canaletto</a></td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zXmp2DpP07A/T1FJ-44ZlHI/AAAAAAAAAng/G_D_HYw5Y9k/s1600/Henshall.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zXmp2DpP07A/T1FJ-44ZlHI/AAAAAAAAAng/G_D_HYw5Y9k/s640/Henshall.png" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><i>Buckingham water gate, the Strand.</i> Engraving by J. Henshall, 1830, after a drawing by T.H. Shepherd.<br />
Credit: Wellcome Library, London</td></tr>
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<tr><td><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RcxRcYCfYJo/Twh3BM7CNfI/AAAAAAAAAcI/IaBSWyj_XwM/s1600/York_Watergate.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-RcxRcYCfYJo/Twh3BM7CNfI/AAAAAAAAAcI/IaBSWyj_XwM/s640/York_Watergate.jpg" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;"><i>York Water Gate and the Adelphi from the River by Moonlight</i>, by <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/yourpaintings/artists/henry-pether" target="_blank">Henry Pether</a>, 1845-60</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">Henry Dixon's 1880 photograph, showing the Water Gate in disrepair.</td></tr>
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The rear of the Water Gate as seen from the end of Buckingham Street, showing the steps dropping down into Embankment Gardens. The gardens are a popular lunchtime spot for office workers.<br />
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<tr><td><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7G1zwtDY6gM/Twh8RaffrDI/AAAAAAAAAdA/gyAXU8pGANs/s1600/gate_7.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-7G1zwtDY6gM/Twh8RaffrDI/AAAAAAAAAdA/gyAXU8pGANs/s640/gate_7.png" width="500" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 13px;">The rear of the Water Gate New Year's Day 2012. The morning after the night before!</td></tr>
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">The Water Gate. New Year's Day 2012.</td></tr>
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<a href="http://www.englishcivilwar.org/2012/03/york-house-water-gate.html">The York House Water Gate: Part One</a>Struanhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07526472785488700305noreply@blogger.com0Watergate Walk, City of Westminster, London WC2N, UK51.5080680186123 -0.1229417324066162151.5074505186123 -0.12417573240661621 51.508685518612296 -0.12170773240661621